PRIVATE SECURITY COMPANIES AND CRIME DETECTION AND PREVENTION IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
Keywords:
Security, Private Security Companies, Crime Detection, Crime Prevention
Abstract
The security of any nation is key for the achievement of social, economic and political objectives. Given these critical aspects of the security, no country across the globe can be able to satisfy the security need without having a support from other stakeholders such as community and partnering with private security companies. With special requirement and level of training that private security companies offer to their staff, partnership of police and private security companies in crime detection and prevention is key in provision of security across the country. The general objective of this study was to examine the private security companies and crime detection and prevention within the county of Nairobi, Kenya. The four specific objectives of this study were to: examine the various roles of private security companies in crime detection and prevention in Nairobi County, examine the capacity of private security companies in crime detection and prevention, identify the constraints encountered by the private security companies in crime detection and prevention and to establish best practices for adoption by the private security companies in crime detection and prevention in Nairobi County. This study was grounded on Situational Crime Prevention Theory. The study employed a descriptive research design. The target population of this study were the employees of the 108 security companies in Nairobi County. A stratified random sampling technique was used in coming up with a sample size of 72 security private companies. The study used both questionnaires and an interview guide to collect primary data. Qualitative data was analyzed based on the content matter of the responses. Quantitative data was coded into SPSS 24 while was presented in tables and graphs and explanations was presented in prose. The findings of the study revealed that Private security companies have a great role in crime detection and protection but can be enhanced with joint operations with the state law enforcement agencies. The private security companies have the capacity of crime detection and prevention but can be boosted with the collaboration of other stakeholders especially the police service. That the constraints of lack of cooperation from the police, is not wholly true because they consider each other as partners in crime. The best practices by the private security companies in crime detection and prevention can be practiced in union to achieve the best results in pursuit to achieving security.
References
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Adegboyega, K. (2012). Analyzing the Evolution of Private Security Guards and their Limitations to Security Management in Nigeria. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies, 5(1-2), 32–48. Retrieved from https://www.africaknowledgeproject.org/index.php/erald/article/view/2361
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Alogo, W. (2015). Strategies adopted by private security firms to deal with crime in Nairobi, Kenya. Published Master’s Thesis. Retrieved from http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/93257
Andreou, A. (2016). It’s Companies Like G4S That Really Embody the ‘Something for Nothing’Culture.” New Statesman.
Anicent, T (2014). The role of private security in community policing: case of Kikuyu, sub county, Kiambu county, Kenya. Published Masters Thesis. Retrieved from http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/76878
Bedard, M. and Guenette. J (2015). Private Reinforcement for Public Police Forces? MEI. Retrieved from http://www.iedm.org/52244-private-reinforcements-for-public-police-forces
Blevins, K., Kuhns, J. and Lee, S. (2012). Understanding Decisions to Burglarize from the Offender’s Perspective. Unpublished Report. Retrieved from http://airef.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/BurglarSurveyStudyFinalReport.pdf .
Cherono J (2018). Role of Private Security Companies in Enhancing Security in Kenya: A Case Study of Nine One One Group Limited. Published Masters Thesis. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/224836789.pdf.
Clarke, R. V. G. (Ed.). (1997). Situational crime prevention (pp. 53–70). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Cooper, D.R. and Schindler, P.S. (2003) Business Research Methods. 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill Irwin, Boston
Cordner, G. (2017). Evidence-based police education and training in the United States. European Law Enforcement Research Bulletin, (3), 71-78.
Creswell, J.W. (2008) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. 3rd Edition, Pearson Merrill/Prentice Hall, Boston.
Damian, L. (2000). The privatization of security and peacebuilding: a framework for action (Vol. 12). London: International Alert. Developing a Questionnaire: 2nd Edition is a comprehensive guide to the successful design and implementation of questionnaires as a research method.
Dvojmoč, M. (2016). Competences of Security Guards in Slovenia as Assessed by Users and Security Managers. Journal of Criminal Justice and Security, year 18 no. 4. 400‒417. Retrieved from https://www.fvv.um.si/rv/arhiv/2016-4/02_Dvojmoc_rV_2016-4.pdf
Gerasimoski, T. (2013). Obstacles to Reconciliation and Stability in the Namibian State and Society. Windhoek: Namibia Institute of Democracy.
Gill, M. (2015). Senior Police Officers’ Perspectives on Private Security: Sceptics, Pragmatists and Embracers. Policing & Society, 25(3), 276-93. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2013.865736
Gill, M. (2015). Senior Police Officers’ Perspectives on Private Security: Sceptics, Pragmatists and Embracers. Policing & Society, 25(3), 276-93. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2013.865736
Githimi, S., and Bor, E. (2015). Private security services and crime control in Karen location, Nairobi County, Kenya. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 20(10), 84–90. Retrieved from http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol20-issue10/Version-4/N0201048490.pdf
Gresham, T. (2017). Police Patrol Goals and objectives. Hearst Newspapers, LLC.
Grove, E., Farrell, G., Farrington, D. and Johnson, D. (2012) Preventing Repeat Victimization: A Systematic Review. The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (BRA: Brottsförebyggande rådet). Stockholm, Sweden: BRA.
Guest, G., Bunce, A., and Johnson, L. (2006). How Many Interviews Are Enough?: An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903
Guracha, A and Kiruthu, F (2019). Attitudes towards Outsourcing Security Services on Service Delivery in Commercial State Owned Enterprises in Nairobi City County, Kenya. International Journal of Current Aspects, 3(III), 1-13. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3iIII.26
Hareuveni, E. (2014). The Lawless Zone. The Transfer of Policing and Security Powers to the Civilian Security Coordinators in the Settlements and Outposts. Retrieved from http://files.yesh-din.org/userfiles/file/Yesh%20Din_The%20Lawless%20Zone_Web_EN%20(1).pdf
Hayes-Jonkers, Charmaine S., Pointing, Shane, and Clough, Alan R. (2012). Comparison of strategic and operational good practice for private security personnel in the night-time economy and the Cairns City model. Security Journal (25). pp. 326-341. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2011.24
Hearnden, I. and Magill, C. (2004). Decision-making by House Burglars: Offenders’ Perspectives. London: Home Office.
Heaton, P, Hunt. P, MacDonald. J and Saunders. J (2015). The Short-and Long-Run Effects of Private Law Enforcement: Evidence from University Police. Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor. Retrieved from http://ftp.iza.org/dp8800.pdf
Hirschi, T and Gottfredson, M (1993). Commentary: Testing the General Theory of Crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30(1), 47-54. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427893030001004
Howie, L. (2014). Security Guards and Counter-terrorism: Tourism and Gaps in Terrorism Prevention, International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage: Vol.2:Iss.1, Article 7. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.21427/D74D90
Inyang. D and Ubong. A (2013). Policing Nigeria: A case for partnership between formal and informal police institutions. Merit Research Journal of Art, Social Science and Humanities, 1(4), 53-58. Retrieved from https://issat.dcaf.ch/download/54869/887091/Police%20services%20Nigeria.pdf
Kaguru K. and Ombui K (2014). Factors Affecting Performance of Private Security Firms in Nairobi County: A Case Study of G4S Security Services (K) Ltd. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) Volume 3 Issue 2. Retrieved from https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v3i2/MTIwMjE0MDE=.pdf
Kiama. S, and Bor. E (2015). Private security services and crime control in Karen location, Nairobi County, Kenya. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 20, Issue 10, Ver. IV. 84-90. Retrieved from http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol20-issue10/Version-4/N0201048490.pdf
Kothari, C. R., & Garg, G. (2014). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Delhi: New Age International Publishers.
Masood, A., -Ul-Ain, Q., Aslam, R., and Rizwan, M. (2014). Factors Affecting Employee Satisfaction of the Public and Private Sector Organizations of Pakistan. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 4(2), Pages 97-121. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v4i2.5902
Montgomery, R. and Griffiths, T. (2015). The Use of Private Security Services for Policing. Research report: 2015–R041. Retrieved from https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/archive-2015-r041/archive-index-en.aspx
Murunga, P.L. (2015). The Effects of Working Conditions of Private Security Guards On Service Delivery: Case of Secure Force Security Company - Nairobi County. Retrieved from http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/11922
Mutonyi, G and Sirera, A. (2018). Commercial Security’s’ Effect on Security of Kenyans in Private Venues. Emerging Science Journal, 2(4). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.28991/esj-2018-01142
Mutonyi, G., Masiga, C., and Kilongosi, H. (2020). Commercialized Security and Its Role in Selected Countries’ National Security. Path of Science, 6(7), 2001-2021. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.22178/pos.60-6
Mutonyi, G., Sirera, M., and Mwai, W. (2020). Commercialized Security and National Security in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Published PhD Thesis. Retrieved from http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/22582
Mutonyi, G., Sirera, M., and Mwai, W. (2020). Examining Commercialized Security Industry’s Services on National Security in Nairobi County, Kenya. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 8(1), 710–736. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v8i1.671
Mutonyi, G.P., and Kavivya, C.M. (2018). Incentives as Determinants of Job Retention among the Private Security Guards in Kenya: A Case of Radar Security Company. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (23) 6, 01-06. Retrieved from http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol.%2023%20Issue6/Version-6/A2306060106.pdf.
Mutonyi. G and Sirera. A (2020). Evaluating the Effects of Commercialized Security on National Security in Nairobi County, Kenya. Path of Science. 2020. Vol. 6, No 5. https://doi.org/10.22178/pos.58-8
National Police Service Annual Crime Report (2016). Crime Statistics. https://www.nationalpolice.go.ke/crime-statistics.html
Ngechu, M. (2004). Understanding the Research Process and Methods. An Introduction to Research Methods.
Noaks, L. (2000). Private cops on the block: a review of the role of private security in residential communities, Policing and Society, 10: 2. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2000.9964837
Oxford Business Group (OBG) (2010). The Report: Nigeria. Retrieved from http://www.oxford.businessgroup.com. 3/6/2015
Pearson-Goff, M. and Herrington. V (2013). Public-Private Policing: Exploring New Security Frontiers. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. Retrieved from http://www.aipm.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/AIPM-Discussion-paper-public-private-policing.pdf
Pienaar, E (2014). Serious crime as a national security threat in South Africa. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46070
Prenzler, T and Milroy, A (2012). Recent inquiries into the private security industry in Australia: Implications for regulation. Security Journal 25(4), 342–355. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2012.2
Prenzler, T. and Sarre. R (2012). “Public-Private Crime Prevention Partnerships.” in T. Prenzler, ed. Policing and Security in Practice: Challenges and Achievements, 149-66. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Private Security Regulatory Authority, 2020). Retrieved from http://www.psra.gov.jm/
Ronen, Y. (2010). Israel: The use and regulation of private military and security companies in situations of armed conflict. Retrieved from http://psm.du.edu/media/documents/reports_and_stats/think_tanks/privwar_national-report_ronen.pdf
Sansfacon, D. (2016). cost-benefit studies and crime prevention. In European Seminar on Costs and the Distribution of Costs of Crime and Disorder and Crime Prevention, Helsinki. Retrieved from http://brottsforebyggandet.fi/material/attachments/rtn/rtn/jseminaarit/6DmbxaGQp/Sansfacon_-_cost-benefit_studies_and_crime_prevention_presentation.pdf.
Shemesh, A. (2013). Perspective of the Labor Market for security guards in Israel in time of terror attacks 2000–2004. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cros/system/files/NTTS2013fullPaper_179.pdf
Sherman, L. and Eck, M. (2006). Privatization of Security and Military, Functions and Demise of the Modern Nation in Africa. The Africa Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Dispute (ACCORD), occasional Paper Series 1(p.2).
Shikha V. D. (2016). Analysis of Crime Prevention Strategies for Sustainable Governance in South Africa. University of Johannesburg, The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences: Annual Review 3 (3): 173-180. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.18848/1833-1882/CGP/v03i03/52547
Sorg, T. (2016). Imperial Neighbors: Empires and Land Allotment in the Ancient Mediterranean World.
Tanui, D. K., & Barmao, C. K. (2016). Use of ICT in the Detection and Prevention of Crime in Kenya. Journal Information Engineering and Applications. Retrieved from https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JIEA/article/view/33094
Taylor, E. (2014). Honor among thieves? How morality and rationality influence the decision-making processes of convicted domestic burglars. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 14(4), 487-502. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895813505232
Wang, T, Rudin, C, Wagner, D and Sevieri, R (2013). Learning to Detect Patterns of Crime. In: European conference on machine learning and principles and practice of knowledge discovery in databases. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40994-3_33
Adegboyega, K. (2012). Analyzing the Evolution of Private Security Guards and their Limitations to Security Management in Nigeria. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies, 5(1-2), 32–48. Retrieved from https://www.africaknowledgeproject.org/index.php/erald/article/view/2361
Agnew, R (1985). Social Control Theory and Delinquency: a Longitudinal Test. Criminology, 23(1), 47-61. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00325.x
Alogo, W. (2015). Strategies adopted by private security firms to deal with crime in Nairobi, Kenya. Published Master’s Thesis. Retrieved from http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/93257
Andreou, A. (2016). It’s Companies Like G4S That Really Embody the ‘Something for Nothing’Culture.” New Statesman.
Anicent, T (2014). The role of private security in community policing: case of Kikuyu, sub county, Kiambu county, Kenya. Published Masters Thesis. Retrieved from http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/76878
Bedard, M. and Guenette. J (2015). Private Reinforcement for Public Police Forces? MEI. Retrieved from http://www.iedm.org/52244-private-reinforcements-for-public-police-forces
Blevins, K., Kuhns, J. and Lee, S. (2012). Understanding Decisions to Burglarize from the Offender’s Perspective. Unpublished Report. Retrieved from http://airef.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/BurglarSurveyStudyFinalReport.pdf .
Cherono J (2018). Role of Private Security Companies in Enhancing Security in Kenya: A Case Study of Nine One One Group Limited. Published Masters Thesis. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/224836789.pdf.
Clarke, R. V. G. (Ed.). (1997). Situational crime prevention (pp. 53–70). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Cooper, D.R. and Schindler, P.S. (2003) Business Research Methods. 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill Irwin, Boston
Cordner, G. (2017). Evidence-based police education and training in the United States. European Law Enforcement Research Bulletin, (3), 71-78.
Creswell, J.W. (2008) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. 3rd Edition, Pearson Merrill/Prentice Hall, Boston.
Damian, L. (2000). The privatization of security and peacebuilding: a framework for action (Vol. 12). London: International Alert. Developing a Questionnaire: 2nd Edition is a comprehensive guide to the successful design and implementation of questionnaires as a research method.
Dvojmoč, M. (2016). Competences of Security Guards in Slovenia as Assessed by Users and Security Managers. Journal of Criminal Justice and Security, year 18 no. 4. 400‒417. Retrieved from https://www.fvv.um.si/rv/arhiv/2016-4/02_Dvojmoc_rV_2016-4.pdf
Gerasimoski, T. (2013). Obstacles to Reconciliation and Stability in the Namibian State and Society. Windhoek: Namibia Institute of Democracy.
Gill, M. (2015). Senior Police Officers’ Perspectives on Private Security: Sceptics, Pragmatists and Embracers. Policing & Society, 25(3), 276-93. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2013.865736
Gill, M. (2015). Senior Police Officers’ Perspectives on Private Security: Sceptics, Pragmatists and Embracers. Policing & Society, 25(3), 276-93. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2013.865736
Githimi, S., and Bor, E. (2015). Private security services and crime control in Karen location, Nairobi County, Kenya. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 20(10), 84–90. Retrieved from http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol20-issue10/Version-4/N0201048490.pdf
Gresham, T. (2017). Police Patrol Goals and objectives. Hearst Newspapers, LLC.
Grove, E., Farrell, G., Farrington, D. and Johnson, D. (2012) Preventing Repeat Victimization: A Systematic Review. The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (BRA: Brottsförebyggande rådet). Stockholm, Sweden: BRA.
Guest, G., Bunce, A., and Johnson, L. (2006). How Many Interviews Are Enough?: An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903
Guracha, A and Kiruthu, F (2019). Attitudes towards Outsourcing Security Services on Service Delivery in Commercial State Owned Enterprises in Nairobi City County, Kenya. International Journal of Current Aspects, 3(III), 1-13. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3iIII.26
Hareuveni, E. (2014). The Lawless Zone. The Transfer of Policing and Security Powers to the Civilian Security Coordinators in the Settlements and Outposts. Retrieved from http://files.yesh-din.org/userfiles/file/Yesh%20Din_The%20Lawless%20Zone_Web_EN%20(1).pdf
Hayes-Jonkers, Charmaine S., Pointing, Shane, and Clough, Alan R. (2012). Comparison of strategic and operational good practice for private security personnel in the night-time economy and the Cairns City model. Security Journal (25). pp. 326-341. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2011.24
Hearnden, I. and Magill, C. (2004). Decision-making by House Burglars: Offenders’ Perspectives. London: Home Office.
Heaton, P, Hunt. P, MacDonald. J and Saunders. J (2015). The Short-and Long-Run Effects of Private Law Enforcement: Evidence from University Police. Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor. Retrieved from http://ftp.iza.org/dp8800.pdf
Hirschi, T and Gottfredson, M (1993). Commentary: Testing the General Theory of Crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30(1), 47-54. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427893030001004
Howie, L. (2014). Security Guards and Counter-terrorism: Tourism and Gaps in Terrorism Prevention, International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage: Vol.2:Iss.1, Article 7. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.21427/D74D90
Inyang. D and Ubong. A (2013). Policing Nigeria: A case for partnership between formal and informal police institutions. Merit Research Journal of Art, Social Science and Humanities, 1(4), 53-58. Retrieved from https://issat.dcaf.ch/download/54869/887091/Police%20services%20Nigeria.pdf
Kaguru K. and Ombui K (2014). Factors Affecting Performance of Private Security Firms in Nairobi County: A Case Study of G4S Security Services (K) Ltd. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) Volume 3 Issue 2. Retrieved from https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v3i2/MTIwMjE0MDE=.pdf
Kiama. S, and Bor. E (2015). Private security services and crime control in Karen location, Nairobi County, Kenya. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 20, Issue 10, Ver. IV. 84-90. Retrieved from http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol20-issue10/Version-4/N0201048490.pdf
Kothari, C. R., & Garg, G. (2014). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Delhi: New Age International Publishers.
Masood, A., -Ul-Ain, Q., Aslam, R., and Rizwan, M. (2014). Factors Affecting Employee Satisfaction of the Public and Private Sector Organizations of Pakistan. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 4(2), Pages 97-121. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v4i2.5902
Montgomery, R. and Griffiths, T. (2015). The Use of Private Security Services for Policing. Research report: 2015–R041. Retrieved from https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/archive-2015-r041/archive-index-en.aspx
Murunga, P.L. (2015). The Effects of Working Conditions of Private Security Guards On Service Delivery: Case of Secure Force Security Company - Nairobi County. Retrieved from http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/11922
Mutonyi, G and Sirera, A. (2018). Commercial Security’s’ Effect on Security of Kenyans in Private Venues. Emerging Science Journal, 2(4). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.28991/esj-2018-01142
Mutonyi, G., Masiga, C., and Kilongosi, H. (2020). Commercialized Security and Its Role in Selected Countries’ National Security. Path of Science, 6(7), 2001-2021. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.22178/pos.60-6
Mutonyi, G., Sirera, M., and Mwai, W. (2020). Commercialized Security and National Security in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Published PhD Thesis. Retrieved from http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/22582
Mutonyi, G., Sirera, M., and Mwai, W. (2020). Examining Commercialized Security Industry’s Services on National Security in Nairobi County, Kenya. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 8(1), 710–736. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v8i1.671
Mutonyi, G.P., and Kavivya, C.M. (2018). Incentives as Determinants of Job Retention among the Private Security Guards in Kenya: A Case of Radar Security Company. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (23) 6, 01-06. Retrieved from http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol.%2023%20Issue6/Version-6/A2306060106.pdf.
Mutonyi. G and Sirera. A (2020). Evaluating the Effects of Commercialized Security on National Security in Nairobi County, Kenya. Path of Science. 2020. Vol. 6, No 5. https://doi.org/10.22178/pos.58-8
National Police Service Annual Crime Report (2016). Crime Statistics. https://www.nationalpolice.go.ke/crime-statistics.html
Ngechu, M. (2004). Understanding the Research Process and Methods. An Introduction to Research Methods.
Noaks, L. (2000). Private cops on the block: a review of the role of private security in residential communities, Policing and Society, 10: 2. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2000.9964837
Oxford Business Group (OBG) (2010). The Report: Nigeria. Retrieved from http://www.oxford.businessgroup.com. 3/6/2015
Pearson-Goff, M. and Herrington. V (2013). Public-Private Policing: Exploring New Security Frontiers. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. Retrieved from http://www.aipm.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/AIPM-Discussion-paper-public-private-policing.pdf
Pienaar, E (2014). Serious crime as a national security threat in South Africa. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46070
Prenzler, T and Milroy, A (2012). Recent inquiries into the private security industry in Australia: Implications for regulation. Security Journal 25(4), 342–355. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2012.2
Prenzler, T. and Sarre. R (2012). “Public-Private Crime Prevention Partnerships.” in T. Prenzler, ed. Policing and Security in Practice: Challenges and Achievements, 149-66. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Private Security Regulatory Authority, 2020). Retrieved from http://www.psra.gov.jm/
Ronen, Y. (2010). Israel: The use and regulation of private military and security companies in situations of armed conflict. Retrieved from http://psm.du.edu/media/documents/reports_and_stats/think_tanks/privwar_national-report_ronen.pdf
Sansfacon, D. (2016). cost-benefit studies and crime prevention. In European Seminar on Costs and the Distribution of Costs of Crime and Disorder and Crime Prevention, Helsinki. Retrieved from http://brottsforebyggandet.fi/material/attachments/rtn/rtn/jseminaarit/6DmbxaGQp/Sansfacon_-_cost-benefit_studies_and_crime_prevention_presentation.pdf.
Shemesh, A. (2013). Perspective of the Labor Market for security guards in Israel in time of terror attacks 2000–2004. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cros/system/files/NTTS2013fullPaper_179.pdf
Sherman, L. and Eck, M. (2006). Privatization of Security and Military, Functions and Demise of the Modern Nation in Africa. The Africa Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Dispute (ACCORD), occasional Paper Series 1(p.2).
Shikha V. D. (2016). Analysis of Crime Prevention Strategies for Sustainable Governance in South Africa. University of Johannesburg, The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences: Annual Review 3 (3): 173-180. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.18848/1833-1882/CGP/v03i03/52547
Sorg, T. (2016). Imperial Neighbors: Empires and Land Allotment in the Ancient Mediterranean World.
Tanui, D. K., & Barmao, C. K. (2016). Use of ICT in the Detection and Prevention of Crime in Kenya. Journal Information Engineering and Applications. Retrieved from https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JIEA/article/view/33094
Taylor, E. (2014). Honor among thieves? How morality and rationality influence the decision-making processes of convicted domestic burglars. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 14(4), 487-502. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895813505232
Wang, T, Rudin, C, Wagner, D and Sevieri, R (2013). Learning to Detect Patterns of Crime. In: European conference on machine learning and principles and practice of knowledge discovery in databases. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40994-3_33
