IMPACT OF FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATIONS’ INITIATIVES ON DROUGHT RESPONSE IN GARISSA COUNTY, KENYA

  • SAHAL HASSAN ABDI
  • DR. NICHOLAS KIPKORIR OMBACHI (PhD)
  • PROFESSOR STANLEY OMUTEREMA (PhD)
Keywords: Faith-Based Organizations, Garissa County, Drought Response

Abstract

This study examined the impact of faith-based organizations’ initiatives on drought response in Garissa County, Kenya. The study was conducted through a descriptive research design where three FBOs: The Lutheran world organization, World Vision, and Islamic relief Kenya, were identified as case studies. The data was conducted in June 2021 using questionnaires, interview schedules, and focused group discussions. All the employees across the three FBOs totaling 67 formed the target population for the study. However, in the end, 47 questionnaires corresponding to 70.15% of the respondents were received for the analysis. The data were analyzed through descriptive techniques and presented as texts, tables, figures, and graphs. The study established that faith-based organizations’ relief response initiatives had little impact on the beneficiaries. The study concluded that faith-based organizations’ initiatives determine the well-being of drought victims in Garissa County. The study recommended that faith-based organizations should increase and enhance relief impact assessment activities to improve drought response. Finally, the researcher recommended that a study be conducted on other faith-based organizations to examine their effectiveness in relief assistance. The study also considered the ethical consideration in the entire research process.

References

Abbasi, A. (2018). Enhancing Response Coordination through the Assessment of Response Network Structural Dynamics.

Abbasi A. (2014). Link Formation Pattern during Emergency Response Network Dynamics. Natural Hazards. 

Adeney-Risakotta, B. (2009) “Is There a Meaning in Natural Disasters? Constructions of Culture, Religion and Science.

Ager A., Ager J. (2015) Why Humanitarianism Doesn’t Get Religion…and Why It Needs To. In: Faith, Secularism, and Humanitarian Engagement: Finding the Place of Religion in the Support of Displaced Communities. Religion and Global Migrations. Palgrave Pivot, New York.

Alexandra Raney, Joel Raveloharimisy, (2016). The Contributions of Faith-Based Organizations to Development and the Humanitarian Field: An ADRA Case Study Andrews University

Arsdale, P. W and Nockerts, R. A. (2008).  A Theory of Obligation. The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance

Bagshaw, S. (2012). What are Humanitarian Principles? Office of Coordination Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) on Message: Humanitarian Principles

Barzegar, A. El Karhili, N., (2017). The Muslim Humanitarian Sector. A Review for Policy-makers and NGO Practitioners.

Bazza, M., Kay, M. and Knutson, C. (2018). Drought Characteristics and Management in North Africa and Near East. Food and Agricultural Organization. Rome, Italy.

Beidhawy, Z. (2015). The Role of Faith-Based Organizations in Coping with Disaster Management and Mitigation. Muhammadiyah’s Experience

Belshaw, D. (2005). “Enhancing the development capability of civil society organizations, with particular reference to Christian faith-based organizations (FBOs)”.

Bernett, M. (2005). Humanitarianism transformed. The International Humanitarian Order.

Benthall. J. (2007). “The overreaction against Islamic charities.” ISIM Bulletin 20, Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Berger, J. (2003). Religious Non-Governmental Organizations: An Exploratory Analysis. Harvard University.

Best and Khan, (2003). Research in Education. (9th edition). Prentice Hall of India private Limited. 

Borg, W. R and Gall, M. D. (1989). Educational research: An introduction (5th edition). New York; Longman.

Brooks, J. (2015) Humanitarians under Attack: Tensions, Disparities, and Legal Gaps in
Protection. ATHA White Paper Series. Cambridge: Harvard Humanitarian
Initiative.

Caldwell, D. (2001). Christian Jihad: “Was the Taliban Right about the Real Agenda of Aid Workers heather mercer and Dayna Curry?” belief net

Casey, M. (2005). Tsunami Relief Efforts Mingle with Religion. The Seattle Times.

Childs, A. K. (2013). Cultural Theory and Acceptance-Based Security Strategies for Humanitarian Aid Workers. Journal of Security Studies

Cornman, C., Marshali, K. and Stoddard, E. (2017). Faith and Development in Focus: Kenya. Berkeley Center for religion, Peace and World Affairs

Cammeron, K., Bright, S. D and Caza, A. (2004). Exploring the Relationship between Organizational Virtuousness and Performance.

Changnon, S. A and Easterling, W. E. (1989). Measuring Drought Impact: The Illinois Case

Cheng, L., Hoerling, M., Aghakouchak, A., Livneh, B., Xiao-Wei, Q. and Eischeid J. (2016). Hoe has human induced climate change affected California drought risk. Journal of Climate.

Clark (2008) Faith-Based Organizations and International Development: An Overview, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Clerk, P. And Ramalingam B., (2008). Organizational Change In the Humanitarian Sector. Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance (ALNAP).

Clarke, G and Jennings, M. (2008). Development, Civil Society and Faith-based Organizations. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Coetzee, D. and VanNieker, D. (2012). Tracking the Evolution of the Disaster Management Cycle: A general System Theory Approach. Jamba Journal of Disaster Risk Studies.

Cook, B. I., Smerdon, J. E. and Coats, S. (2014). Global Warming and 21st Century Drying. Climate Dyn., 43, 2607–2627, doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2075-y.

Coppola, D. (2015). Introduction to International Disaster Management (3rd Edition). Elsevier Publishers.

Crisp, J. (2004) Thinking outside the Box: evaluation and humanitarian action. In: Forced
Migration Review 8

Daas, Y. (2019). Muslim FBOs, Charity and Development-Karama Solidarity and the Islam Cultural Center of Belgium.

Dai, A. (2013). Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models. Nature Climate Change, 3(1), 52–58. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/nclimate1633

Dalezios, NR., Dercas, N, Spyropoulos NV. And Psomiadis, E. (2017). Remotely Sensed Methodologies for Crop Water Availability and Requirements in Precision Farming of Vulnerable Agriculture.

Dandoy, A. (2017). The ethics of care versus humanitarian exceptionalism. Humanitarian Alternatives.

Darden, J.T. (2019). Humanitarian Assistance Has a Terrorism Problem. Can It Be Resolved?

Davies-Kielda, J. (2007). Faith in action: a study of holistic models of care, for highly disadvantaged people, which have been established in faith-based communities, Salvation Army.

Deacon, G. and Tomalin, E. (n,d). A history of faith-based aid and development

Desta, Z. (2015). Principles aand Proselytizing: Good Practice in Ethiopia

Dometita, MLM., (2017). Beneath The Dryland: Kenya Drought Gender Analysis.

Ebaugh, H. R, Chafez, J. S. And Pipes, P. F (2009). “Where’s The Faith In Faith-Based Organizations? Measures and Correlates of Religiosity in Faith-Based Social Service Coalitions.

Fang, Y., Du, Y., Wang, J., Wu Aijiao., Qiao, S., Xu, B., Zhnag S., Siddique H. M.. K. and Chen, Y. (2017). Moderate Drought Stress Affected Root Growth and Grain in Old, Modern and Newly Released Cultivators of Winter Wheat.

Feener, M., Bush, R and Fountain, F. (2015). Religious Actor in Disaster Relief. An Introduction.  International journal of mass emergencies and disasters.

Finucane J. and Feener, M. (2013). Proselyting and the Limits of Religious Pluralism in Contemporary Asia.

Ferris, E. (2005), Elizabeth Ferris. “Faith-Based and Secular Humanitarian Organizations.” International Review.

Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWSNET), 13th July, 2017. East Africa Special Report.

Fink, G. and Radaeli, S. (2009). Determinants of International emergency Aid-Humanitarian Need Only? World Bank.

French M. and Fitzgibbon, A. (2018). A faith-sensitive approach in humanitarian response. The Lutheran World Federation and Islamic Relief Worldwide.

Fritz institute (2004). From logistics to supply chain management: The path forward in the humanitarian sector. Retrieved from: www.fritzinstitute.org.

Fritz Institute (2005) Recipient Perceptions of Aid Effectiveness: Rescue, Relief and
Rehabilitation in Tsunami Affected Indonesia, India and Sri Lanka San Francisco: Fritz Institute.

Fritz Institute. (2005). From logistics to supply chain management: The path forward in the humanitarian sector. Retrieved from: www.fritzinstitute.org

Funk, C., Harrison, L., Shukla, S., Korecha, D. and Magadzire , T. (2015). Assessing The Contributions of Local and Eas t Pacific Warming to The 2015 Drought in Ethiopia and Southern Africa.

Gilligan, P. (2010). Faith-based approaches, in Gray, M and Webb, S. (eds) Ethics and value perspectives in social work. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Global Humanitarian Assistance Report, 2018. Development Initiatives.

Goldberg, Z. (2015). Faith-Based Organizations in Disaster Relief: Locally-Based Strategies for   a Higher Demand Future. 

Gordon S. and Donini, A. (2016). Romancing principles and human rights: Are humanitarian principles salvageable? International Review of the Red Cross. Principles guiding humanitarian action

Government of Kenya, Common Programme Framework for Ending Drought Emergencies, April 2015

Government of Kenya; National Drought Management Authority, 2015.

Guenther F. and Redaelli, S. (2009). Determinants of International Emergency Aid-Humanitarian Need Only?

Hammer, A., Stodard, A and Sarazen, A. (2018). Humanitarian Access in Armed Conflict: A Nee d for New Principles? Strengthening Resilience aand  Response to Crises. UKaid.

Hammond, L. (2018). The Power Holding Humanitarian Hostage and the Myth of the Protective Principles. In book: Humanitarian in Question.

Harrel-Bond, B. (2002). ‘Can humanitarian work with refugees be humane?’ Human Rights Quarterly. 24(1). pp. 51–85

Hart, E. (2016). Why is Corruption Risk Management So Hard? Assessing Current Practices in Development Aid.

Herrera-Estrada, J.E, Satosh, Y. and Sheffield, J. (2017). Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Drought.

Herzberg, M. (2016). The Anti-Conversion Bill. Political Buddhism, ‘Unethical Conversions’ and Religious Freedom in Sri Lanka.

Hoelcer, K., Miklian, J and Mokleiv Nygård Hå.  (2017). Conflict, Peacekeeping, and Humanitarian Security: Understanding Violent Attacks against Aid Workers

Hoffman et al., (2004). Hofmann, C.A. et al. (2004) Measuring the Impact of Humanitarian Aid. HPG Report 17. ODI, London.

Howard, P. (2015). Peter Howard. “Humanitarian Aid Organizations and Sustainable Development.”  Paper Presented at The G20 Interfaith Summit Meeting, Istanbul, Turkey.

Huho, J. M.and Musyimi, P. (2016) Profiling Disasters and their Causes in Kenya. 

Feng, S. and Fu, Q. (2013). Expansion of global dry lands under warming climate. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10 081–10 094, doi: 10.5194/acp-13-10081-2013

Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2004

Jansen, B. (2017). The Humanitarian Protectorate of South Sudan? Understanding Insecurity for Humanitarians in a Political Economy of Aid. Journal of Modern African Studies.

Javed,Y., Saja, A. and  Awan, O. A. (2017). Effectiveness of Faith Based Organization in Disaster Response - A Comparative Study of Sri Lanka and Pakistan

Jenkins, M., Khaghaghordyan A., Rahman, K. and Duri, J. (2020). The Cost of Corruption during Humanitarian Crises, and Mitigation Strategies for Development Agencies.

Joakim, E. P. and White, R. S. (2015) Exploring the impact of religious beliefs, leadership, and networks on response and recovery of disaster-affected populations: A case study from Indonesia. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 30 (2015) 193-212.

Jonathan, L. G and Rayner, S. (1985). Measuring Culture:A Paradigm for the Analysis of Social Organization. Colombia University Press, New York. 

Jones, D. A., Wang, W., & Fawcett, R. (2009). High-quality spatial climate data-sets for Australia. Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal, 58, 233–248.

Kaisar, T. (2004). Promise and practice: participatory evaluation of humanitarian assistance.
Forced Migration Review 8

Karam, A. (2014). Religion and Development Post-2015. UNFPA, New York.

Kelman, I and Lewis, J. (2007). Disaster Management Cycle vs Disaster Management. Radix Digest

Khan, M. M. (2009). Sahih Bukhari (Prophet’s Sayings and Practices). Volume 1; Book 2: Beliefs.

Kiefer, L. (2015). Muslim NGOs in the Context of The United Kingdom’s “War on Terror”: A Case Study on four UK-based Muslim NGOs and the Impact of Counter-terrorism Legislation

King James Bible Version, Isaiah, chapter 58: 6-8.

Kirpatrick, C and Hulme, D. (2001). Basic Impact Assessment at Project Level

Kothari, C. R. (2011). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Age International, New Delhi, India

Linton, J. and Budds, J. (2014). The Hydro-Social Cycle:  Defining and Mobilizing a Relational-Dialectical Approach to Water

Liu, J., Wang, B., Cane, M. A., Yim, S. Y., & Lee, J. Y. (2013). Divergent global precipitation changes induced by natural versus anthropogenic forcing. Nature, 493(7434), 656–659. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11784.

Lutheran World Relief, (2008). Lutheran World Relief responds to Kenya crisis. News and Press Release.

Lynch, C. (2011. Local and Global Influences on Islamic NGOs in Kenya. Journal of Peace building & Development, 6(1)

Madani 2014; Water management in Iran: what is causing the looming crisis?. J Environ
Stud Sci. 4(4):315–328

Masih, I., Maskey, S., Mussá, F., & Trambauer, P.(2014). A review of droughts on the African continent: a geospatial and long-term perspective. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18(9), 3635–3649. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3635-2014

Maxwell, D., Bailey, S., Harvey, P., Walker, P., Cheyanne, SC and Savage K. (2012). Preventing Corruption in Humanitarian Assistance: Perceptions, Gaps and Challenges. Wiley Online Library

McCaffrey S. (2013). Best practices in risk and crisis communication: Implications for natural hazards management. Natural Hazards. 2013;65(1):683–705.

McGinnis, M. D. (2006). Proselytism Games and Humanitarian Aid. Indiana university, Indiana, USA.

Mcleigh, J.  (2011). Does Faith Matter? A Comparison of Faith-Based and Secular International Nongovernmental Organizations Engaged in Humanitarian Assistance Clemson University.

2015. A hybrid framework for assessing socioeconomic drought: Linking climate variability, local resilience, and demand. J Geophys Res Atmos. 120(15):7520–7533.
Mierop, E. S. (2016). Coming clean on neutrality and independence: The need to assess the application of humanitarian principles. International Review of the Red Cross. Principles guiding humanitarian action doi:10.1017/S181638311500065X

Mogire, J. and Petersen, M. J. (2016). Donor Engagement with Religion and Faith-Based Organizations in Development Cooperation.

Monsma, S. V. (2012). Pluralism and Freedom: Faith-based Organizations in a Democratic Society. Rowman and little field

Moran-Tejeda, E., Lopez-Moreno, J. I. and Beniston, M. (2013). The Changing Role of Temperature and Precipitation on Snowpack Variability in Switzerland As a function of Altitude: Role of Altitude on Swiss Snowpack

Minear, L. (2002). Humanitarian Action in an Age of Terrorism-UNHCR

Mugenda, O. M and Mugenda, A. G. (2003). Research Methods; Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. ACT, Nairobi.

Muaafa, M., Concho, A. L., and Ramirez-Marquez, J. (2014). Emergency Resource Allocation for Disaster Response: An Evolutionary Approach, in: SSRN,

Musolino, D., De Carli, A. and Masasaruto, A. (2017). Evaluation of Socioeconomic Impact of Drought Events: The Case of Po River Basin.

National Research Council of the National Academies, (2006) Washington, D.C; USA

Naumann, G., Lorenzo A., Lorenzo M., & Hugo C. (2018). Global changes in drought conditions under different levels of warming, geophysical research letters,

Naumann, G., Spinoni, J., Vogt, J. V., & Barbosa, P. (2015). Assessment of drought damages and their uncertainties in Europe. Environmental Research Letters, 10(12), 124013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124013

Nascimento, D. One step forward, two steps back? Humanitarian Challenges and Dilemmas in

Crisis Settings. The Journal of humanitarian Assistance.

Ng’anga, K. (2014). The World Vision of Kenya and Its Impact on Social and religious Development: A Case Study of Dagoretti Sub County in Kenya.

Noor, A. and Nawi, N. (2016) Faith-Based Organizations (FBO): A Review of Literature on their Nature and Contrasting Identities with NGO in Community Development Intervention

Nthuka and Gathogo (2015). Overcoming poverty through Faith Based Organisations in Mbeere-land of Kenya

Obulutsa, G. (2017). Kenya Declares Drought a National Disaster seeks help. Reuters, 10th February, 2017.

Momanyi, S. M. (2015).the impact of Al -Shabab terrorist attacks in Kenya

Olsen, A. (2016). Evangelicals and International Aid Insights from a landscape survey of U.S. churches. The Fletcher School, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.

Osei, E. (2017). Managing Humanitarian Relief Organizations with Limited Resources in Ghana.    Walden University.

Paul Owuor Emergency and Disaster   Reports 2015;  2 (3):    1-­‐45  Quebedeaux, L. K. (2013). Planning for disaster recovery and resilient communities with faith-based and secular nonprofit organizations: University of Houston-Clear Lake. 

Palmer, V, (2011). Analyzing Cultural Proximity: Islamic Relief Worldwide and Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. Development in Practice.

Penuel, B. and Statler, M. (2011). Encyclopedia of Disasters. SAGE Knowledge.

Pepela, M. M., Ombachi, N. K. and Simiyu, R. N. (2015). The Level of Efficacy of Christian Faith Based Organizations in the Management of Relief Food in Kilifi County, Kenya.

Ploch L.  (2013). Terrorism in East Africa: The U.S. Response Analyst in African Affairs.

Raney, A. and Raveloharimisy, J. (2016). The Contributions of Faith-Based Organizations to
Development and the Humanitarian Field: An ADRA Case Study

Rivera, J. D., & Nickels, A. E. (2014). Social Capital, Community Resilience, and Faith‐Based Organizations in Disaster Recovery: A Case Study of Mary Queen of Vietnam Catholic Church. Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, 5(2), 178-211.

Cox, R.W. (1981) ‘Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International
Relations Theory’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, vol. 10, no. 2,
pp. 126–55.

Riza, N. M. (2015). Disaster ‘Caliphatization’: Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia, Islamic Aceh, and the Indian ocean Tsunami

Rohwereder, B. (2015).  Restrictions on Humanitarian Access. GSDRC Applied Knowledge Services.         

Sathyaseelan, N., Biswas, A.K and Rao, A. S (2013). Impact of Climatic Factors on Crop Production

Scheff, J. and Frierson DMW. (2014). Scaling Potential Evapotranspiration with Greenhouse Warming. Journal of Climate.

Schipper E., Merli C, Nunn P. D. (2014). How religion and beliefs influence perceptions of and attitudes towards risk in Cannon T, Schipper E., Bankoff G, et al. 2014. (Eds.), World disasters report: Focus on culture and risk. Geneva; International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

Sheffield, J., Wood, E. F., & Roderick, M. L. (2012). Little change in global drought over the past 60 years. Nature, 491(7424), 435–438. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11575

Sherry J. and Curtis A. (2017).  At the intersection of disaster risk and religion: Interpretations and responses to the threat of Tsho Rolpa glacial lake. Environmental Hazards, pp 1-16.

Shipley, T. Jenkins, M. and Strand, A. (2019). Managing corruption challenges in humanitarian settings,

Sider, R. J. and Unruh, H. R. (2004). Typology of religious characteristics of social service
and educational organizations and programs. Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 33(1): 109-134

Sinha, J. W. (2013). Unintended Consequences of the Faith-Based Initiative: Organizational Practices and Religious Identity within Faith-Based Human Service

Smillie I. and Minear, L. (2004). The Charity of Nations: Humanitarian Action in a Calculating World. Kumarian Press, Inc.

Spinoni, J. (2019). Dynamics of Socio-Economic Exposure, Vulnerability and Impacts of Recent Droughts in Argentina

Stahl K., Blauhut, V., Urquijo, J., De Stefano,L.,  Acacio, V., Dias, S., Stagge J. H., Tallaksen, L. M., Kampragou, E., and Van Loon, A. F. (2016). Impacts of European drought events: Insights from international database of text-based reports.

Stark, R. and Finkle, R. (2000). Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Steelman T. A (2013). Post-disaster cross-nation mutual aid in natural hazards: case analysis from sociology of disaster and disaster politics perspectives. Natural Hazards.

Stodard, A., Jillani, S. and Caccavale, J. (2017). How Insecurity Prevents Humanitarian Aid from   Accessing the Neediest. Journal of Security & Development.

Stodard, A. & and Jillani, S. (2016). The Effects of Insecurity on Humanitarian Coverage. Secure    Access in Volatile environments (SAVE).

Tallaksen L.M, Hisdal H, Clausen B, Peters E, Gustard A. (2014). Hydrological Drought Characteristics. In: Developments in Water Science, vol. 48. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V.; 2004, 139–198.

The Lutheran World Federation and Islamic Relief Worldwide (2018). A faith-sensitive approach in humanitarian response: Guidance on mental health and psychosocial programming. LWF and IRW: Geneva and Birmingham.

Transparency international, 2009. Gender and Corruption in Humanitarian Assistance.

Transparency International. 2014. Preventing Corruption in Humanitarian Operations.

Transparency International, Feinstein International Center, Humanitarian Policy Group.
2008. Preventing Corruption in Humanitarian Assistance.

Transparency International, 2017a. Collective Resolution to Enhance Accountability and Transparency in Emergencies: Lebanon Report.

Trenberth, K. E., Dai, A., Van Der Schrier, G., Jones, P. D., Barichivich, J., Briffa, K. R., & Sheffield, J. (2014). Global Warming and Changes in Drought. Nature Climate Change, 4(1), 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2067

Van Loon F. A. S (2014). On the Propagation of Drought. How climate and catchment characteristics influence hydrological drought development and recovery.

Vaux, T. (2001). The Selfish Altruist: Relief Work In Famine And War. Routledge, London.

Vincent-Serrano, S.M. (2016). Drought Effect on US Maize and Soybean Production: Spetio-temporal Patterns and Historical Changes.

Wang, Z., Li, J., Lai, C., Zeng, Z., Zhong, R., Chen, X., et al. (2017). Does drought in

China shows a significant decreasing trend from 1961 to 2009?

Watson, C. (2008). Literature Review of Impact Measurement in the Humanitarian AssistanceSector. Paper submitted to the Feinstein International Center, Tufts University for the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Project: Impact Assessment of Innovative Humanitarian Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa

Wilhite D.A. (2014). Drought and Water Crises: Science, Technology, and Management Issues. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Zhao, H., G. Gao, A. Wei, Z. Xukai, L. Haitao abd H. Meiting. 2015. Timescale differences Sbetween SCPDSI and SPEI for drought monitoring in China.

William A., (2018). Avis, W. (2018). Joint operating principles among humanitarian actors to improve access. Department for International Development (DFID).

Yang, H. and Huntingford, C. (2018). Will drought in east Africa become common?

Yu, Chaoqing et al., (2018). Assessing the Impacts of Extreme Agricultural Drought in China under Climatic and Socioeconomic Changes. Earth’s Future

Zseleczky, L and Yosef, S (2014). Are shocks really increasing? A selective review of the global frequency, severity, scope, and impact of five types of shocks (Vol. 5). International Food Policy Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Published
2022-10-29
Section
Articles