Reviewed Journal International of Business Management [ISSN 2663-127X]

THE EFFECT OF EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL ON PERFORMANCE OF SAVINGS AND CREDIT COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN TANZANIA

KELVIN M. MWITA — 2024-01-29

This study examined the influence of performance appraisal on performance of Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies (SACCOS) in Tanzania. The study aimed at determining how performance appraisal tools, performance standards, and evaluation process affect SACCOS performance. Further, the study intended to examine the moderating effect of workforce diversity on the relationship between performance appraisal and SACCOS performance. Resource based view theory was used in the study. Quantitative approach was employed. Data was collected by using questionnaires from 317 HR managers or their equivalent (SACCOS Managers). Descriptive and correlation statistics were used for data analysis. Through correlation analysis, it was found that performance appraisal tools, performance standards, evaluation process and workforce diversity positively correlated with SACCOS performance. Further, hypothesis testing revealed that all the independent variables had significant linear relationship with SACCOS performance. Multiple linear regression analysis results showed that among all the three independent variables, only performance evaluation was found to be a significant predictor of SACCOS performance. When moderation effect of workforce diversity was tested, it was concluded that workforce diversity has a significant moderation effect on the relationship between performance appraisal and SACCOS performance. The study recommended SACCOS to have performance appraisal tools to enable them managing employee performance. Further, SACCOS has to establish well known standards to be used evaluating performance of their employees. Lastly, SACCOS should consider having a diverse workforce in terms of gender, age and education level.

ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF SELF-AWARENESS LEADERSHIP COMPETENCY ON PERFORMANCE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN RWANDA

SIMON CHARLES MUHIRE, PhD — 2024-02-07

The study examined the effect of self-awareness leadership competency on the performance of local government in Rwanda. The study employed a cross-sectional survey research design, and the population consisted of 30 Mayors from 30 districts in Rwanda. Due to the nature f the study population, all the population was used as sample to get a clear idea of all the districts in Rwanda. The data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

The results indicated that self-awareness leadership competency has a significant positive effect on the performance of local government in Rwanda. The findings revealed that there has been a general increase in number of self awareness trainings to more than two times between the year 2015to 2019 which significantly increased service delivery by more than 10% as indicated by more than 50% respondents.

Consequently, self awareness leadership enhanced leaders’ capacity to be visionary, increased managerial knowledge, ability to be goal oriented as well as increasing inquisitive nature of the leaders which, in turn, leads to better performance in their respective positions. The study thus recommended that local government authorities in Rwanda should prioritize the development of self-awareness leadership competency among their leaders by providing mentoring, training, and coaching programs that focus on self-awareness skills enhancement. This will greatly influence the overall performance of local government in Rwanda thereby leading to improved and superior service delivery to the citizens.

EFFECTS OF CONTROL ENVIRONMENT AS A COMPONENT OF INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM ON THE QUALITY OF FINANCIAL REPORTING INFORMATION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS OF RWANDA

AMINADAB NTAHONDEREYE — 2024-02-09

Control environment is one of the elements of internal control systems that enables management to remain focused on the entity's pursuit of its operations and the production of high-quality of financial reporting information. Despite the adoption of an internal control system, including a control environment, by Rwandan local governments, there are numerous recurring issues with their financial reporting information. These issues include unrecorded transactions, a lack of evidence of approval of modifications, fraud, and embezzlement. This study investigated how control environment affected the quality of financial reporting information in local governments of Rwanda. The study was carried out in 30 districts. Primary data was collected using the questionnaire and secondary data was collected from district financial reports and the reports from Office of Auditor General. To analyse data both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Descriptive study's findings revealed that the degree of control environment was high, with a mean of 4.02 and a standard deviation of 0.78 and the level quality of financial reporting information was high. Primary data revealed a poor quality of financial reporting information in the local governments. Using inferential statistics, the model summary of control environment on financial reporting information showed that a unit change in environmental control may explain 68.4% of the change in quality of financial reporting information. Linear equation revealed control environment as independent variable significantly predicts the quality of financial reporting information in local governments of Rwanda. Training about financial report analysis and interpretation for the members of Board of directors of the districts should be organized.

REVERSE LOGISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN KENYA

CHARLES MAMU NTHIWA — 2024-02-16

This study examined the influence of reverse logistics practice on performance of food and beverage manufacturing firms in Kenya. The study was guided by complexity theory. This research adopted positivism research philosophy. The research design was explanatory survey research design. The target population for the study constituted 217 food and beverage manufacturing firms and Slovin’s formula was used to sample 141 firms. The study used structured questionnaires to collect relevant to the study. The hypotheses were then tested using multiple linear regression and hierarchical linear modeling. The results affirmed that reverse logistics practice have a significant negative influence on the performance of food and beverage manufacturing firms in Kenya. Therefore, managers and practitioners in the food and beverage manufacturing industry should consider reverse logistics strategies and green warehousing in the sector to facilitate a harmonious balance between environmental responsibility and the sustained growth and success of food and beverage manufacturing firms in Kenya.

THE MODERATING EFFECT OF INDUSTRY POLICY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRATEGIC ORGANIZATION DESIGN AND SUSTAINABLE PERFORMANCE OF PARASTATALS IN KENYA

VALERIE PILI KOTOLO — 2024-02-27

The main objective of the study was to examine the moderating effect of industry policy on the relationship between strategic organization design and sustainable performance of parastatals in Kenya. The institutional theory was used. The study undertook a descriptive research design using a quantitative technique. The study population was 231 Parastatals in Kenya. The research sample size was determined using slovin’s mathematical formula, where 146 parastatals made up the sample for the study. One respondent from selected parastatals was selected using stratified random sampling. Data was collected using closed ended questionnaires which were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. A pilot study of 20 respondents was done to test for validity, reliability and diagnostics. From a sample of 146 respondents, 97 respondents filled and submitted the results representing 66% response rate. It was evident from the findings that industry Policy has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between strategic organization design and sustainable performance of parastatals in Kenya. Organization Design was found to play a critical role towards the sustainable performance of parastatals.

INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP STYLES ON ORGANIZATION PERFORMANCE OF INSURANCE COMPANIES IN SOMALIA

IBRAHIM MOHAMED AHMED — 2024-03-01

This study aimed at establishing the influence of leadership styles on organization performance of insurance companies in Somalia. The study incorporated Leadership Theory. The researcher used descriptive research design to meet the study research objectives. The study focused on five insurance companies in Somalia; Takaful insurance Of Africa, umma insurance brokers, Amana insurance, Baraka insurance and Som-Takaful insurance. The study interviewed 73 respondents, including Chief Executive Officers, heads of departments, and their assistants. Due to the study's small sample size, the census approach was used. Structured questionnaires were distributed to the study's sampled population. Using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze quantitative data objectively. To arrive at conclusions, the study findings were examined, summarized, and presented using a variety of descriptive statistics methods such as frequencies distribution tables, percentages. Correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were utilized to determine the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable, that is, effect of leadership styles on the organizational performance of insurance businesses in Somalia, with model significance determined using F-tests, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), at 95 percent confidence intervals. The researcher adhered to research ethics. From the analysis, the study found that leadership styles had positive and statistically significant relationship with organization performance. Thus, the study concluded that, organizational performance of insurance companies in Somalia is influenced by leadership styles.

STREET LEVEL BUREAUCRATS’ JOB SATISFACTION AND PROVISION OF NURSING HEALTH CARE SERVICES ARE AMONG NURSES IN HOSPITALS IN SIAYA COUNTY

EZEKIEL ODHIAMBO OHANDO — 2024-03-03

The purpose of this abstract was to espouse the contribution anchored by good terms and conducive working environment in place within the street level bureaucracy among nurses in a Siaya County Hospitals. This article took street level bureaucracy to be observable phenomenon describing a public health entity with adequate functional facilities, good conducive working environment, terms and conditions of service empowering nurses to have job satisfaction. Research employed qualitative and quantitative methodology to explain and describe impacts and the influences nurses provided on the realization of optimal care service by realizing their satisfaction in the job they discharge in health facilities domiciled in Siaya County. The study targeted the population of 500 nurses in level four and level five from Siaya Sub County comprising Alego Usonga, Gem, Bondo, Ugenya, Rarieda, and Ugunja respectively. Self-administered questionnaire were used as the instruments for the research for collecting the primary data while internet data bank, electronic source, webs were used as the instruments for collecting the secondary data beside the research articles in periodical, books, book section, journals, reports, magazines, newsprint, among others. Nurses in most Siaya health care systems at time of study in 2022/23 constituted majority component of the frontline nursing staff comprising 70% female and 30% males with majority of nurses professionally constituting (73%) diploma holders (22%) degree holders (3%) post graduate while (1%) doctorate decrying staff shortage at higher levels. The demographic distribution of nurses in health facilities by age revealed that major workforce to be 26-40 years with those aging between 26 – 30 years being the majority workforce. The study revealed and observed that the nursing space in Siaya County is mainly female dominated with ratio of 0.7:0.3 care to the clientele. Attributes that nurses require constitute good work environment, terms and conditions of service that satisfies fairly the general desires of the nurse shape contributions accorded by nursing frontline works in the provision of care service in an atmosphere that promote job satisfaction in service provision in the health facility. The finding further demonstrated operation of two third principle elucidated in constitution of Kenya (CoK, 2010 & PSC 2016). Good terms and conducive work environment strengthen nurse productivity to attainment of health policy goals, enhancement of nurse morale to exploit their professional diligence potential meeting public expectations and reinforce their personal and professional growth and esteem and ensuring their safety as they interact closely with the clientele.

EFFECT OF LEADERSHIP COMPETENCIES ON PERFORMANCE OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN RWANDA

SIMON CHARLES MUHIRE — 2024-03-06

Leadership competencies are needed for the local government not only to be successful with current undertakings, but also to be successful in the future. This study established the effect of leadership competencies on performance of local government in Rwanda. The study used a cross-sectional survey research design. The study’s population was the Districts of Rwanda. The unit of observation was 30 districts. The unit of analysis was the Mayors of districts who implement and sign performance contracts before the President of the Republic. The study used stratified sampling technique to come up with the sample. The sample size was 30 mayors of district. The study used primary data, which was collected through questionnaires. Descriptive analysis was utilized to analyze the data. The data was presented using tables. The result was obtained by analyzing the effect of leadership competencies on and the level of performance attainment of local government. Results revealed that self-awareness, self-management, and relationship management leadership competencies had a positive significant relationship with the performance of local governments in Rwanda. The influence between social awareness leadership competency and local governments was positive but insignificant. The magnitude of the influence differed among the specific studies leadership competencies. Self-awareness leadership competency had the largest effect followed by self-management leadership competency, and relationship management leadership competency.

ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY CAPACITY BUILDING ON PERFORMANCE OF DEVOLVED UNITS IN SELECTED COUNTY GOVERNMENTS IN KENYA

SAMUEL GATHAGU MUNYIGI — 2024-03-26

Civil society organizations play a prominent role in governance and are viewed as key to delivering government policy agendas of social action, open public services and grass root mobilization. A strong and positive relationship between democratic governments and the civil society has materialized to be a stable pillar in governance such that the civil society organizations are seen as an integral part of governance process. However, even in the most democratic and prosperous societies in the modern world, there are many services that are not adequately provided especially to the minorities therein creating a gap which is occupied by the civil societies. They therefore fulfill important duties of checks and balances in democracies with their ability to influence the government and hold it accountable. The objective of the study was to establish the civil society’ capacity building on performance of devolved units in Kenya. The study used the descriptive survey research design to analyze and describe the relationship between civil society’ civic participation and performance of devolved units in Kenya. The population of the study was all 1290 top management staff to be drawn from the civil society organizations registered in Kenya; 470 (county ministers and chief officers) in the county governments of Kenya. The data collection instruments were questionnaires. The study initiated a pilot study to pretest and validates the questionnaire. Content analysis was used to test data that is qualitative in nature or aspect of the data that was collected from the open ended questions. Regression analysis was carried out to test the nature of relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables at .05 level of significance. Results revealed that all the civil society’ capacity building dimension had a positive and significant relationship with performance of devolved governance units in Kenya. The results support the current theories related to the study. Consequently, this study provides national and county governments with insights of how to improve performance of devolved units through the civil society capacity building interventions. The study recommended that national and county governments should adopt a culture of incorporating civil society capacity building interventions. This could go a long way in ensuring there is improved performance of devolved units in the county governments of Kenya.

EFFECT OF BOARD LEADERSHIP COMPOSITION ON PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN RWANDA

JEAN MARIE VIANNEY USENGUMUREMYI — 2024-04-13

This study investigated the influence of board leadership composition on the performance of public institutions in Rwanda. The problem addressed in this study revolved around the potential influence of board leadership composition on the performance of public institutions in Rwanda. Specifically, the inquiry sought understanding on how factors such as diversity and competency within board structures impact organizational effectiveness, accountability, and governance practices within the Rwandan public sector landscape. This study holds significant implications for policymakers, institutional leaders, and stakeholders in Rwanda by providing evidence-based insights into the critical role of board leadership composition in shaping the performance and governance of public institutions. By elucidating the linkages between board diversity, accountability mechanisms, and organizational effectiveness, this research offers actionable recommendations for enhancing governance practices and driving sustainable development agendas in Rwanda's public sector. The study adopted a descriptive and explorative design since its main purpose was to explain the effect of corporate board leadership practices on performance in public institutions in Rwanda. The target population for the study was 214 managers from 10 public institutions in Rwanda. Stratified random sampling technique was used to get a sample of 140 respondents who were selected from the top management and middle managers’ staff. Data for the study was collected by use of questionnaires, interviews and observation using descriptive and inferential statistics to establish the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. It was expected that the results of the study would assist the top management of the institutions, as well as other stakeholders, to understand the effect of board leadership practices on governance performance in public institutions in Rwanda. Data collected was analyzed through SPSS version 21. Data analysis involved statistical computations for averages, percentages, and correlation and regression analysis. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression method of analysis was adopted to determine the inferential statistics. By assessing various dimensions of board structure, such as diversity, expertise, independence, and leadership styles, this research contributes to understanding how governance practices shape the effectiveness and efficiency of public institutions. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, organizational leaders, and stakeholders seeking to enhance governance mechanisms and optimize performance outcomes in the public sector of Rwanda. The findings revealed significant insights into the perceptions of respondents regarding the impact of board leadership composition on the performance of public institutions in Rwanda. Notably, the results indicated strong agreement among respondents regarding the positive influence of diverse skills and expertise among board members on decision-making processes. Similarly, the inclusion of independent directors is perceived to enhance board oversight effectiveness, reflecting the importance of independent oversight for governance effectiveness. Moreover, respondents recognize the importance of gender diversity on boards for fostering inclusive decision-making environments. Additionally, the understanding of industry and market trends among board members is seen to positively affect strategic planning capabilities. Regression analysis further confirms the significant relationship between board leadership composition and the performance of public institutions in Rwanda. The results indicated a positive correlation between board leadership composition and performance, with the regression model explaining up to 57.0% of the variations in institutional performance. The coefficients obtained from the regression analysis support the statistical significance of board leadership composition in explaining changes in organizational performance. Furthermore, hypothesis testing confirms the significant influence of board leadership composition on the performance of public institutions in Rwanda, as evidenced by the calculated p-value and t-statistic. Overall, the findings underscored the critical role of board leadership composition in driving organizational performance within Rwandan public institutions, emphasizing the importance of diversity, expertise, and independence in governance structures to achieve sustainable development goals. In conclusion, the findings of this study highlight the critical importance of board leadership composition in influencing the performance of public institutions in Rwanda. With strong evidence supporting the positive impact of diverse skills, gender representation, and independent oversight on organizational effectiveness, policymakers and stakeholders are urged to prioritize initiatives aimed at enhancing board diversity and governance practices to foster sustainable development and good governance within the public sector. Based on the findings, it is recommended that Rwandan policymakers prioritize initiatives aimed at promoting diversity within board leadership structures, including gender, ethnicity, and professional backgrounds, to foster inclusive decision-making environments. Additionally, efforts to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement mechanisms are crucial for strengthening governance practices within public institutions in Rwanda, facilitating knowledge-sharing, and driving collective action towards sustainable development objectives.

THE ROLE OF CAPITAL MARKET ON THE COMMERCIAL BANK GROWTH IN RWANDA

CELESTIN NTAMUTURANO — 2024-04-16

This research, titled the role of capital market on the growth of commercial banks in Rwanda, and BK Plc was selected as the case study. The research was guided by the following specific objectives, to determine the capital market services used by Bank of Kigali Plc, to analyze the level of growth of Bank of Kigali Plc during the period of 2016-2022 and to analyze the relationship between capital market and the growth of Bank of Kigali Plc. The study used both descriptive and correlational research design. In this respect, a descriptive design was used to describe the views of respondents on variables of the study and this was done using the questionnaires to collect primary data. The researcher also used correlational research design to measure the relationship between variables of study by using correlational analysis. The researcher selected all 36 employees from departments targeted by this research namely; corporate investment, finance, quality assurance and risk management. In this study, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used by researcher in processing and analysis of data which informed the presentation of findings, analysis and interpretation. The results indicated that the adjusted R² is 0.540 representing 54.0% indicating that capital market components contribute to the BK growth, while 0.475 representing 47.5% of BK Plc comes from other variables that were not included in the model one.

STRATEGIC STAKEHOLDER’S POLICY AND SUSTAINABLE PERFORMANCE OF PARASTATALS IN KENYA

VALERIE PILI KOTOLO — 2024-04-24

The objective of the study was to establish the effect of strategic organization stakeholder policy on sustainable performance of parastatals in Kenya. The stakeholder theory was used. The study undertook a descriptive research design using a quantitative technique. The study population was 231 Parastatals in Kenya. The research sample size was determined using slovin’s mathematical formula, where 146 parastatals made up the sample for the study. One respondent from selected parastatals was selected using stratified random sampling. Data was collected using closed ended questionnaires which were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. A pilot study of 20 respondents was done to test for validity, reliability and diagnostics. From a sample of 146 respondents, 97 respondents filled and submitted the results representing 66% response rate. The results from the multiple regression analysis indicated that there was indeed a significant relationship between the two variables (β = 0.894, p < 0.05). This led to the view that Strategic Stakeholder policy was a factor affecting sustainable performance of parastatals in Kenya. The study also recommended the need for the management of the parastatals to enhance stakeholder engagement through transparent communication and regular consultations and establish frameworks for evaluating and monitoring the impact of stakeholder policies on sustainable performance.

SOCIAL NETWORKS USE AND AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION AMONG SMALL SCALE FARMERS IN KENYA

MERCY W. MUNENE — 2024-04-25

This study investigated the effects of social networks us on agricultural information among small scale farmers in Kenya. The study was purely literature reviewed and used both published and “gray” literature. The documents used for analysis and reporting consisted of journal articles, books, book chapters, and research reports. The study used qualitative analysis. The study found out that there was information need by small scale farmers, who sought the information on social networks. The findings showed that small scale farmers could access information with ease at comfort of their homes, anytime and anywhere. The study showed that the platforms were convenient and cheap. The study concluded that farmers were seeking for reliable information and that they had positive attitude towards the platform used. It was noted that the social media platforms and Youtube were often used by farmers for networking, education and marketing their produce. The study recommended that Organizations, National and County governments should embrace use of social networks platform to inform farmers.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF DONOR FUNDED HEALTH PROJECTS IN KENYA

SILAS OTIENO OKUMU — 2024-04-25

Donor funded projects are of great interest to the government, civil society organizations and the beneficiaries. Health projects are among the highly funded projects by governments and donors. The general objective of the study was to examine the effect of risk management on performance of donor funded health projects in Kenya. The study was based on Enterprise Risk Management theory and correlational research design. The target population of the study was 44 project managers, 115 project officers, 81 project monitoring & evaluation officers, and 68 project finance managers. Census method was used to enumerate the entire population. Data was then collected using questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis, leveraging SPSS. The data was then presented in statistical tables. All ethical considerations were strictly observed. Findings showed that project risk management has significant effect on performance of donor funded projects in Kenya (β₁=0.618, p value= 0.000). The health project managers should reconsider instituting risk management processes that must be followed before project execution, to see how it affects the performance of their projects. Project managers and leaders must be encouraged to embrace project risk management before projects are started to enable them to identify possible risk events likely to occur in order to institute corrective response strategies to reduce the severity of the risk, should they occur during the course of the project.

ASSESSING SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA:

FREDRICK MWAIWA — 2024-04-25

Banking Institutions can achieve sustainable competitive advantage through adoption of innovative practices in its broadest sense by use of both new technologies and new ways of doing things. A firm's efforts in establishing and maintaining such advantages for a long-term period are based on the managers’ ability to adopt strategic innovation practices with inimitable characteristics. While research has evidently shown that adoption of innovation practices has a share in its profitability and market share growth, it is not clear on the extent to which adoption of mobile banking has played a role in retaining a sustainable competitive advantage for commercial banks. This paper was therefore an appraisal of the mobile banking system to establish whether there exists a relationship with sustainable competitive advantage. Guided by the innovation of diffusion theory the paper focused on mobile banking as one of the major innovations that has recently shaped the banking industry. The study employed descriptive and explanatory research designs on a census sample of head of departments and branch managers drawn from commercial banks within Nairobi County. Questionnaire was the main tool of collecting data that saw analysis completed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Pearson product moment correlation analysis and linear regression analysis were employed to test the relationship between the mobile banking and sustainable competitive advantage. Correlation matrix indicated that mobile banking (r=.445, p=0.000) had linear relationship with sustainable competitive advantage. The linear regression results indicated a coefficient of 0.068 on mobile banking practices with corresponding p=0.042<0.05 depicting a positive and significant influence at 5% level. Coefficient of bank regulation, 0.205, as a intervening variable was significant,, in predicting the dependent variable. The findings of the study indicated that bank regulation was an intervening factor in the relationship between mobile banking and sustainable competitive advantage of Tier 1 commercial banks in Kenya. This paper contributes to theory, policy and practice by seeking to engage policy makers in the banking industry on the importance of embracing mobile banking as a tool to enhance competitive advantage in banks. To theory, this paper adds to the existing knowledge to inform future researchers on its practicability.

STRATEGIC COMPETITIVE POSITIONING AND PERFORMANCE OF AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES IN KENYA

JANE MUTHONI NYAGA — 2024-05-19

The objective of this study was to investigate strategic competitive position and performance of agricultural cooperatives in Kenya. The target population was 80 agricultural cooperative societies in Embu, Tharaka Nithi and Meru Counties Kenya by 2018. The study used stratified sampling technique to select a total of 200 respondents from managers of the agricultural cooperatives. Questionnaires were administered randomly to the sample of 200 across the management of the cooperatives after a pilot study involving 25 managers in 10 sampled agricultural cooperatives by drop and pick method. The researcher used quantitative research design. Data was screened to identify any missing data and was further tested for reliability and validity. Data was analyzed and presented by use of SPSS. Pearson’s Correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship among the variables. Reliability was tested using Cronbach’s Alpha. The pilot study played a crucial role in refining the research instrument and ensuring its validity and reliability. Cronbach's alpha was utilized to assess both aspects, providing valuable insights into the consistency and accuracy of the data obtained. Normality was tested using Kurtosis, Skewness and Kolmogorov Smirnov (K-S) test. Multicollinearity was tested. Inferential statistical technique, the chi-square was used to make analysis of the factors under study. Computation was done, and presentation in form of graphs and tables. The findings revealed Strategic Competitive Positioning predicted performance of agricultural cooperatives in Kenya. The competitive positioning driver of the cooperatives was influenced substantially by Cost Leadership, Product Focus, and Differentiation, respectively in that order. The study further recommended that the agricultural cooperatives need to focus on product development and provide a broad range of products most of which should be better product than their competitors.

STRATEGIC CUSTOMER FOCUS AND PERFORMANCE OF AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES IN KENYA

JANE MUTHONI NYAGA — 2024-05-19

The objective of this study was to establish the influence of strategic customer focus on performance of agricultural cooperatives in Kenya. The target population was100 agricultural cooperative societies in Embu, Tharaka Nithi and Meru Counties Kenya by 2018. The study used stratified sampling technique to select a total of 240 respondents from managers of the agricultural cooperatives. Questionnaires were administered randomly to the sample of 240 across the management of the cooperatives after a pilot study involving 30 managers in 10 sampled agricultural cooperatives by drop and pick method. The researcher used quantitative research design. Data was screened to identify any missing data and was further tested for reliability and validity. Data was analyzed and presented by use of SPSS. Pearson’s Correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship among the variables. Reliability was tested using Cronbach’s Alpha. The pilot study played a crucial role in refining the research instrument and ensuring its validity and reliability. Cronbach's alpha was utilized to assess both aspects, providing valuable insights into the consistency and accuracy of the data obtained. Normality was tested using Kurtosis, Skewness and Kolmogorov Smirnov (K-S) test. Multicollinearity was tested. Inferential statistical technique, the chi-square was used to make analysis of the factors under study. Computation was done, and presentation in form of graphs and tables. The findings revealed that Strategic Customer Focus predicted performance of agricultural cooperatives in Kenya. The study concluded that strategic customer focus was strongly associated with the performance of agricultural cooperatives in Kenya. There was more focus on Customer Feedback, than Customer Retention, and Customer acquisition in the cooperatives in the country. The study, therefore, recommended that the agricultural cooperatives need to put more emphasis on customer focus. The cooperatives need to place more value on Customer Feedback, Customer Retention, and Customer acquisition.

COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE AS AN IMPERATIVE FOR ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN KIAMBU COUNTY, KENYA

BENEDETTE NDUTA KABERA — 2024-06-09

Community of practice has attracted attention as a way to spread knowledge and ultimately improving the performance of organizations. Government and private organization globally recognize the fundamental role of community of practice in fostering performance of companies hence attaining a competitive success in a dynamic market. Non-governmental organizations are a foundation upon which strategies for equality, economic and social development are anchored. However, studies have tended to focus on the relationship between non-governmental organizations and communities with few reflections on how internal non-governmental organizations dynamics contribute to their inefficiency and inept community impact. This study therefore sought to examine the extent to which community of practice is contributing to organizational performance and ultimately the quality of results and impact received by the community of non-governmental organizations work in Kiambu County, Kenya. The target population was 324 non-governmental organizations operating in Kiambu County. A sample of 179 program managers was selected using stratified sampling technique. Empirical data for the analysis were gathered using structured questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the data collection tool was assessed to confirm the suitability of the tool for use in the study. Descriptive analysis, and inferential analysis were conducted on the data set gathered from the field. The study established that community of practice have significant effects on organizational performance in non-governmental organizations working in Kiambu county. The study concluded that community of practice, significantly affected the organizational performance in non-governmental organizations working in Kiambu county. The study recommended that management of non-governmental organizations in Kiambu County should ensure that there is training for its employees in regard to incorporating lessons learned into normal work practices.

MARKET PENETRATION AS AN IMPERATIVE OF FIRM PERFORMANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF CEMENT MANUFACTURING FIRMS LISTED IN NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE KENYA

JOSHUA OKETCH OLLONDE — 2024-06-09

The cement manufacturing sector plays a crucial role in job creation, social and development agenda and GDP of the country. However, the sector suffers challenges including high energy costs, production inefficiencies and high competition leading to poor performance in terms of low production and consumption trends. To resolve the performance challenge, this study employed use of market penetration as a method. The specific objective was market penetration employed to improve performance outcomes. The study was supported by the dynamic capability theories and balanced scorecard model. It deployed descriptive research designs while targeting 216 employees working in the three listed companies. Stratified and simple random samplings were utilised in grouping respondents as per company and position and in selecting the respondents to take part in the research. The Yamane formula was employed to get the sample size of 139 respondents who filled the structured questionnaire as the research tool. The questionnaires were tested for validity and reliability using 13 employees from the non-listed cement companies and Cronbach Alpha was employed at a standard of 0.7. The researcher collected primary data from the respondents and produced qualitative and quantitative data. Analysis included entering the data into SPSS where descriptive statistics was done to obtain mean, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages. In addition, inferential statistics was analysed using Linear regressions and correlation analysis to show effect of the variable on performance. The study revealed that market penetration (β=0.713; p=0.00), led to a positive and significant effects on performance of listed cement manufacturing firms in Kenya. The study concluded that market penetration as a variable significantly affected the performance of listed cement manufacturing company. The study recommended that management of NSE listed cement manufacturing firms need to implement strategic pricing method to facilitate market penetration.

COMPETITIVE POSITIONING ON PERFORMANCE OF MICRO FINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN RWANDA

VENUSTE NGENDAHIMANA — 2024-06-13

This study examined the impact of competitive positioning on the performance of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Rwanda. It explores how MFIs differentiate themselves through product diversification, technological innovation, customer service excellence, geographical reach, and strategic partnerships. The performance of MFIs is assessed using financial metrics, outreach, and client impact indicators. The target population of the study comprised of 200 respondents from 22 MFIs registered as public limited companies and 18 MFIs were registered as non-Umurenge Saccos in Rwanda. Both qualitative and quantitative data was collected through structured questionnaires. The questionnaire was pretested before data collection for validation and reliability. The collected data was coded and analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21 was used. Testing of hypotheses was done using analysis of variance. Variance Inflation Factor was used to illustrate the significance of the association between strategic alignments on performance of MFIs in Rwanda. Analyzed data was presented using tables and percentages.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENTIATION AND HYBRID STRATEGIES ON PERFORMANCE OF DEPOSIT TAKING SAVINGS AND CREDIT CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN KENYA

SAMUEL KURIA ALLAN — 2024-06-17

This study evaluated the impact of differentiation and hybrid strategies on the performance of deposit-taking savings and credit societies (SACCOs). SACCOs have long been a strong pillar of the Kenyan financial sector and have played a key role in deepening financial inclusivity, thus their financial health was a significant benefit to the economy. The importance of competitive strategy in driving SACCO performance could not be underestimated, as a competitive strategy specified the path a firm would employ to gain a competitive advantage. The study was driven by three key objectives (i) To determine the influence of hybrid strategy on performance 0f deposit taking SACCOs (ii) to evaluate the relationship between differentiation and performance of deposit taking SACCOs (iii) To determine the moderating effect of the size of the firm on the relationship between competitive strategies and the performance of deposit-taking savings and credit co-operatives in Kenya. The sample size of the study involved 319 respondents from 176 SACCOs. A mixed approach of both qualitative and quantitative approaches was employed using questionnaires, interview schedules, and document review. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v21.0). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data and to draw conclusions. The correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between product differentiation, hybrid strategies and size of the firm and performance in savings and credit co-operatives (SACCOs). Regression analysis further revealed the importance of these strategies, hybrid strategies (Beta = 0.337, p < 0.000) and product differentiation (Beta = 0.668, p > 0.05).Based on the findings, SACCOs are recommended to adopt diversified approaches, embrace technology-focused competitive strategies, prioritize staff training and development, adhere to regulatory requirements, and maintain adequate capital reserves. Furthermore, suggestions for further study include longitudinal analyses, comparative studies across diverse SACCOs, empirical validation through quantitative surveys, qualitative inquiry methods, impact evaluations, and policy analyses.

COMPETITOR INTELLIGENCE CAPABILITY AND FIRM PERFORMANCE IN LOGISTICS COMPANIES IN KENYA

DANIEL MUTHENYA NZEKI — 2024-06-17

This research examined the effect of competitor intelligence capability on firm performance with organizational culture as moderator variable in logistics companies in Kenya. Specifically, the research examined the effect of competitor intelligence capability on firm performance in logistics companies in Kenya. Additionally, the research examined the moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between competitor intelligence capability and firm performance in logistics companies in Kenya. Drawing on the resource-based theory, dynamic capability theory and knowledge-based view theory, the research utilized a positivist research philosophy and a non-experimental research methodology. The research utilized a correlational cross-sectional survey design for testing noncausal relationships among variables. Simple random sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 272 logistics companies from a target population of 849 logistics companies in Kenya. A cross-sectional survey-based approach was used to collect primary data utilizing a self-administered structured questionnaire. With the help of 3 research assistants, the researcher utilized the drop and pick method to hand deliver the survey questionnaire to the chief executive officers of the logistics companies in Kenya. The collected data was processed and entered into the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 26 to create a data sheet to be used for analysis. The descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The Pearson’s correlation results showed that competitor intelligence capability had a positive and significant relationship with firm performance. The simple linear regression results showed that competitor intelligence capability had a positive and significant effect on firm performance. The hierarchical multiple regression results indicated that organizational culture had significant moderating effect on the relationship between competitor intelligence capability and firm performance in logistics companies in Kenya. Managers and policy makers should to focus on strengthening competitor intelligence capability to foster the performance of logistics companies. Future research could examine effect of competitor intelligence capability on firm performance in other sectors or in other regions.

COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES AND PERFORMANCE OF DEPOSIT TAKING SAVINGS AND CREDIT CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN KENYA

SAMUEL KURIA ALLAN — 2024-06-17

This study sought to evaluate the impact of competitive strategy on the performance of deposit-taking savings and credit societies (SACCOs). SACCOs have long been a strong pillar of the Kenyan financial sector and have played a key role in deepening financial inclusivity, thus their financial health was a significant benefit to the economy. The importance of competitive strategy in driving SACCO performance could not be underestimated, as a competitive strategy specified the path a firm would employ to gain a competitive advantage. Three objectives were pursued: the effect of cost leadership, the impact of innovation strategy and the size of the firm. The research targeted 176 SACCOs, involving 319 respondents. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed, with SPSS used for analysis. Regression analysis showed significant positive correlations between competitive strategies and SACCO performance. Cost leadership had the strongest impact, followed by hybrid strategies and innovation. Regression analysis further revealed the importance of these strategies, with cost leadership demonstrating the strongest positive impact on competitiveness (Beta = 0.522, p < 0.000), followed by innovation (Beta = 0.406, p < 0.000).Based on the findings, SACCOs are recommended to adopt diversified approaches, embrace technology-focused competitive strategies, prioritize staff training and development, adhere to regulatory requirements, and maintain adequate capital reserves. Furthermore, suggestions for further study include longitudinal analyses, comparative studies across diverse SACCOs, empirical validation through quantitative surveys, qualitative inquiry methods, impact evaluations, and policy analyses.

STRATEGY DETERMINANTS ON ORGANIZATIONAL GROWTH AMONG SAVINGS AND CREDIT CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN KISII COUNTY

FLORENCE M. AMORO — 2024-06-21

Numerous institutions establishments are currently facing the imminent risk of closure as a result of mismanagement, which has placed them in a precarious financial situation. The SACCOS, totaling 2,200 in number, were declared dormant or unknown by SASRA due to their failure to meet the required criteria. The aforementioned circumstances led to the initiation of a research investigation into strategy determinants on the SACCO growth in Kisii. The main aim in this study was to examine the effect of strategic fund mobilization, strategic investments and strategic information dissemination. The study was founded on Efficiency Structure Theory, Neoclassical Theory of Investment and Modern Portfolio Theory. A total population from staff members in the SACCOS was 342. The sampling methodology was stratified random sampling. The sample size was 68 respondents, which corresponds to 20% of the target population. Data collection was collected using questionnaires. The questionnaire was pilot tested with a sample of six respondents from selected Sacco in Kisii town. The reliability tests were conducted by assessing its Cronbach alpha value. The research employed both descriptive analysis and inferential statistical analyses such as regression and correlation analysis. The SPSS software was utilized to compute percentages, frequencies, mean values, and standard deviations. The study's results showed that SACCOS benefited from strategic fund mobilization, and that this benefit was statistically significant as shown by (β) 0.224, t=1.859, p value 0.05). Based on the findings of the the analysis in Saccos in Kisii County, a favourable and statistically significant correlation (β)=0.849, t=4.438, p0.05) was found between Strategic investment and organizational growth. Still, there was negative as well as notable importance amongst Strategic information dissemination and organizational growth (β) -.161, t=-.664, p value 0.05). The study concluded that high member default rates do hurts Sacco growth. Thus, high default rates indicated inadequate financial planning by members, which hampered Sacco expansion. Sacco invests in service diversification to boost SACCO’s growth by producing new financial products and entering new markets with stronger growth prospects. The study recommends that authorities should develop mechanisms to help SACCOS access capital for expansion and liquidity management.

STRATEGIC ORGANIZATIONAL ARCHITECTURE, ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMISM AND COMPETITIVE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF DEPOSIT TAKING SACCOS IN KENYA

FELIX KIPTOO CHESIGOR — 2024-06-23

Organizational architecture refers to the entire organization, including its structure and culture, control systems and incentives, processes, and people, while Strategic Organizational Architecture describes the context within an organization through which a strategic and entrepreneurial vision can be translated into specific entrepreneurial behaviours, processes and outcomes. The objective of this study was to establish the influence of Strategic Organizational Architecture on the competitive financial performance of Deposit Taking Saccos (DTS) in Kenya. The study also sought to determine how environmental dynamism moderates this relationship. Anchored on the ambidexterity theory of leadership for innovation the study was a pragmatic study of 715 Senior Head Office staff and 159 branch managers from 62 DTS from which a sample of 278 participants was derived. A semi-structured questionnaire having both closed and open-ended questions was used to collect primary data from the respondents, while secondary data was obtained from the Sacco Societies Regulatory Authority (SASRA’s) Annual Sacco Supervision Reports for the years 2017-2021. Data was analyzed using binary logistic regression which revealed that Strategic Organizational Architecture was a positive and significant predictor of the probability of competitive financial performance in DTS. Further, the study established that the moderating effect of Environmental Dynamism in this relationship was not significant. The study recommends that for DTS to remain competitive, they ought to emphasize on building agile and adaptive organizational structures, creating an organizational culture favourable for risk seeking; ensuring that resources are adequate and well prioritized, and establishing competitive performance measuring systems and controls. On the flipside, the study recommends that although DTS ought to pay attention to customer tastes and preferences, changes in technology as well as competitor strategies, they should be careful not to deviate from their traditional business model.

EFFECT OF INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEMS ON SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE AT KITUI FLOUR MILLS, MOMBASA COUNTY

SHAURI MUNIRA KHALID — 2024-06-26

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of inventory control systems on supply chain performance in Kitui Flour Mills in Mombasa County. The study sought to find out the effects of Just in Time (JIT), ABC Analysis, Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), and First in, First Out (FIFO) methods on supply chain performance in Kitui Flour Mills in Mombasa County. The study employed a descriptive research design to comprehensively understand the behavioral patterns and processes related to inventory control. The target population consisted of 200 respondents from various departments, including finance, procurement, information technology, logistics, operations, and stores in the firm. A stratified random sampling technique was used to ensure the selection of a representative sample of 133 respondents. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire, while secondary data was gathered from existing sources. Data analysis was done through use of percentages, mean, standard deviation, and multiple linear regression using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Ethical considerations included ensuring informed consent, participant anonymity, privacy, and adherence to ethical standards. The study findings revealed significant positive relationships between all four inventory control systems and supply chain performance. All four independent variables have positive B coefficients (JIT: 0.539, EOQ: 0.469, FIFO: 0.281, ABC Analysis: 0.159). This indicates a positive relationship between each inventory control system implementation score and the predicted performance. JIT has the highest positive relationship (0.539) between JIT implementation and supply chain performance. After JIT, EOQ had the second-highest positive coefficient (0.469) suggesting a positive association between EOQ implementation and performance. Higher EOQ implementation scores are linked to improved performance. The positive FIFO (0.281) coefficient indicates a positive relationship between FIFO implementation and performance. The mean score for various aspects of ABC analysis implementation ranged from 3.00 to 3.72, highlighting its perceived effectiveness in inventory management. Based on the results, the study recommends that organizations consider adopting JIT principles to reduce lead times, lower inventory holding costs, and improve responsiveness to demand fluctuations. Companies can also optimize order quantities through EOQ models and can minimize total inventory costs while ensuring adequate stock levels. Adhering to FIFO principles can help reduce wastage and improve inventory accuracy, potentially leading to better inventory turnover. Lastly, ABC Analysis can contribute to overall supply chain optimization by enhancing inventory control through classification.

OPERATIONAL PROCESSES AND PERFORMANCE OF PRIVATE CHARTERED UNIVERSITIES IN KENYA

MARY MBITHI — 2024-07-05

In today’s world managers play a very important role in ensuring organisations achieve their objectives and private universities are not any different for theme survive the turbulent and dynamic environment they need to align their internal operational processes in order to improve performance. This study sought to investigate the influence of operational capabilities on the performance of private chartered universities in Kenya. The study was anchored on the resource based view theory and the dynamic capabilities theory. The study was pegged on a positivist research philosophy while the research method employed was a mix of both qualitative and quantitative techniques. The research collection tool was subjected to validity tests where the lowest acceptable Cronbach alpha threshold was 0.7. Data was collected from all the twenty five private chartered universities in Kenya. The sample size was 230 respondents from all the private chartered universities in Kenya using self-administered questionnaires. The data was then cleaned, coded and analysed using SPSS software. The study used binary logistic regression to carry out the inferential statistics. Binary logistic model was fitted so as to establish the cause-and-effect relationship existing among the study variables. From the research findings private universities that had strong processes were 1.640 times more likely to increase their log odds of recording improved performance. The study also conducted diagnostic tests which were recommended for logistic regression models. The study therefore recommended that private universities need to invest in technology that would enable them to automate their processes and ease the flow of processes from one department to another. The study also recommended that universities need to integrate all their university processes in order to ensure seamless transactions for students.

ENTREPRENEURIAL LEADERSHIP AND THE SUSTAINABILITY OF SAVINGS AND CREDIT CO-OPERATIVES IN KENYA

DAVID GICHUHI WARWATHE — 2024-09-05

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to explore the influence of risk entrepreneurial leadership on the sustainability of SACCOs in Kenya. The study sought to provide insights on the key focus areas, which contribute towards the sustainability of SACCOs in Kenya. The study was confined to SACCOs within 5 Counties of Nairobi, Kiambu, Machakos, Muranga and Kajiado A sample size of 174 SACCOs was taken.

Methodology: Descriptive research design was adopted for this study. The use of objective and quantifiable data enabled the researcher to generalize the results of the study to the entire population. The correlation coefficient between SACCO sustainability and creativity is 0.389 with a p-value of 0.000 for a 5% 2-tail test; risk taking is 0.488 with a p-value of 0.000 for a 5% 2-tail test. Correlation coefficient between SACCO sustainability and innovative marketing is 0.430 with a p-value of 0.000 for a 5% 2-tail test while correlation coefficient between SACCO sustainability and delegating is 0.634 with a p-value of 0.000 for a 5% 2-tail test

Findings: The study concludes that entrepreneurial leadership positively influences sustainability of SACCOs in Kenya. The findings imply that the four independent variables and the moderating variable combined have a role in explaining the sustainability of SACCO’s in Kenya. The correlation coefficient between SACCO sustainability and creativity, Risk taking, innovative marketing and delegating has a positive and significant relationship between the variables. Moderating Variable which is SACCO regulation has a significant effect on their sustainability.

Unique contribution to the theory and policy: The study reinforces previous finding to the effect that sustainability of SACCOs is associated with Entrepreneurial Leadership. It will make significant contribution to the body of knowledge especially in the Kenyan context. SACCO leaders can re-look at their current entrepreneurial leadership competencies and adjust accordingly through training. Policy makers can borrow from this study and formulate policies that are geared towards enhancing entrepreneurial leadership. It also brings new knowledge that entrepreneurial leadership could be addressed in terms of creativity, risk taking, innovation marketing and delegating. This has widened the interpretation of entrepreneurial leadership on the sustainability of SACCOs.

AUTHORITY DISTRIBUTION AND LAND CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN ARID AND SEMI-ARID COUNTIES IN KENYA

ADHAN NURI BERHE — 2024-09-08

The study sought to determine the relationship between authority distribution and land conflict resolution in Arid and Semi-Arid Counties in Kenya. The study is anchored on the Polycentric Governance Theory. The target population is 803 individuals from the 23 ASAL Counties. The target population includes: Land Department Officials: 115 individuals (5 officials per county across 23 counties); Sub County Administrators: 113 individuals and Ward Administrators: 575 individuals. The study adopted descriptive and correlational research designs. The study used a sample of 206 respondents determined by use of Slovin Sample size determination formulae. The qualitative was analyzed by the use of content analysis. The quantitative data was analyzed by use of the descriptive and inferential analysis. The rejection of the null hypotheses underscores the significant roles that diverse administrative structures, stakeholder participation, alternative dispute settlement mechanisms, institutional oversight, and comprehensive legislative frameworks play in resolving land conflicts in Kenya's Arid and Semi-Arid Counties. Administrative structures like tribunals, registration agencies, and customary institutions, along with stakeholder involvement and alternative dispute methods such as mediation and arbitration, foster culturally accepted, efficient, and sustainable conflict resolutions. Robust institutional frameworks and comprehensive legislation further enhance governance mechanisms, ensuring effective, inclusive, and equitable conflict management and resolution in these regions. Recommendations include fostering greater coordination among administrative entities, establishing multi-stakeholder platforms, creating dedicated alternative dispute resolution centers, strengthening institutional oversight, and continuously adapting the legislative framework to emerging challenges. These strategies highlight the importance of inclusivity, cultural relevance, and synergy in enhancing the effectiveness, equity, and sustainability of land conflict resolution efforts in these regions.

INFLUENCE OF PROCUREMENT UNBUNDLING ON PERFORMANCE OF PREFERENCE AND RESERVATION SCHEME IN DEVOLVED GOVERNMENTS IN KENYA

JOSEPH NAMBWA BUSHURU — 2024-09-08

This study examined the influence of procurement unbundling on the performance of the preference and reservation scheme among County Governments in Kenya. The study was guided by the public interest theory of regulation. A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting all Heads of Supply Chain Management and Supply Chain Management officers in 24 selected County Governments in Kenya. A two-stage sampling design was employed: purposive sampling was used in the first stage to select all 48 Heads of Supply Chain Management from the chosen counties, while simple random sampling was applied in the second stage to select 150 Supply Chain Management officers, resulting in a total sample size of 198 respondents. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires. A pilot test was conducted among officers in Kisii and Vihiga counties to ensure the validity and reliability of the research instruments. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25, NVIVO 14, and Python, employing both quantitative and qualitative methods. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, were used alongside diagnostic tests for multivariate regression assumptions. Inferential statistics, including correlation and multivariate regression analyses, were also applied. The study achieved a response rate of 87.3% and an instrument reliability score of 0.957. The findings revealed that procurement unbundling (β = 0.2145, p = 0.002), significantly influenced the performance of the preference and reservation scheme. The study concluded that procurement unbundling is a critical determinant of the performance of preference and reservation schemes in devolved governments in Kenya. It is recommended that county governments enhance these institutional determinants by implementing comprehensive policies that mandate unbundling. Practically, the study highlights the importance of tailored support programs for disadvantaged suppliers, including financial assistance and training.

EARNINGS VARIABILITY AND SHARE PRICE VOLATILITY OF QUOTED NON-FINANCIAL FIRMS AT THE NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE

STEPHEN NDIRANGU MAINA — 2024-09-08

Share price volatility affects smooth operations of the financial system creating uncertainties hence affecting stock market performance. This study sought to establish the effect of earnings variability on share price volatility of quoted non-financial firms at Nairobi Securities Exchange. The position of stock market efficiency, and information asymmetry crusades by signalling theory become unclear especially from the Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE) context, which further necessitated the need to carry out the study. Efficient market hypothesis was analysed to test the significance of the objective of the study. The study adopted quantitative research design to evaluate earnings variability and share prices of quoted non-financial firms at Nairobi securities exchange. The population of the study of 44 -financial companies quoted at the NSE over the period January 2003 through December 2022. The mean EV ratio value presents an increased likelihood of earnings smoothing. Therefore, the likelihood of an enterprise’s earnings manipulation in the financial statements is higher. This signifies that there was high variation in volatility which is not desirable for the measures of dispersion.

BOARD INDEPENDENCE, SOCIAL CAPITAL AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA

NOAH CHEPKECH — 2024-09-12

Competitive advantage is achieved when an organization's activities lead to superior profitability compared to its rivals. In Kenya, while some commercial banks have managed to gain a competitive edge, others have struggled with financial instability, often attributed to governance issues like insufficient board independence. This study explores whether social capital mediates the relationship between board independence and competitive advantage. Utilizing board independence as the independent variable, competitive advantage as the dependent variable, and social capital as the mediator, the research employed descriptive and correlational designs. The study targeted forty-two commercial banks in Kenya, surveying heads of corporate departments. Data collection was conducted via a census survey using a well-tested questionnaire, with reliability confirmed by a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.70. SPSS software facilitated the analysis, combining descriptive and inferential statistics. Results indicated a statistically significant relationship between board independence (β = 0.152, t = 3.287, p = 0.000) and competitive advantage. Additionally, social capital significantly mediated this relationship (indirect effect = 0.316; LLCI = 0.236; ULCI = 0.402). The findings suggest that enhancing board independence and social capital are crucial for Kenyan banks aiming to strengthen their competitive position.