THE ANTECEDENT OF ACTIVE MEMBERSHIP AND PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES OF EMPOWERING LEADERSHIP IN SPORTS FOR DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS
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Jun 10, 2023
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Abstract
Purpose – The primary purpose of this paper was to identify the antecedent of active membership and performance outcomes of empowering leadership in sports for development organizations. The study also examined the mediating role of empowering leadership between active membership and performance outcomes.
Design/Methodology/Approach – The research assumed a cross-sectional research design. Data was collected from a total population of 2993 youth/members drawn from three sports development organizations in Kenya. The authors conducted a series of confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) to verify the validity of the constructs and adopted IBM SPSS AMOS Version 23 to test the hypotheses.
Findings - The authors found that active membership is an important antecedent of empowering leadership and can enhance performance outcomes. Besides, empowering leadership plays a significant mediating role between active membership and performance outcomes.
Conclusion / Recommendation - This study concluded that active membership has a positive and significant influence on performance outcomes among youth in sports for development organizations in Kenya. Empowering leadership mediates between active membership and performance outcomes in sports for development organizations in Kenya. The study recommended that leaders should organize activities and ensure regular participation for the youth in the sports for development organization.
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References
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Argyrous, G. (2005). Statistics for research (2nd ed.). Wiltshire, UK: Sage
Balla, J., & Hau, K. T. (1996). The learning approaches of Chinese people: A function of socialization processes and the context of learning? In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 109–123). Oxford University Press.
Coakley, J. 2011. “Youth Sports: What Counts as ‘Positive Development?’” Journal of Sport & Social Issues 35 (3): 306–324. doi: 10.1177/0193723511417311.
Coalter, F. (2013b). ’There is loads of relationships here’: Developing a programme theory for sport-for-change programmes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 48(5), 594–612. *Coalter, F. (2015). Sport-for-change: Some thoughts from a sceptic. Social Inclusion, 3(3), 19–23.
Cooper, R., & Schindler, S. (2014). Business Research Methods. McGraw Hill.
Costello, A. B. and Osborne, J. W. (2005) Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10, 1-9
Field, A. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS for Windows. Sage Publications Ltd
Fincham, J. E. (2008). Response Rates and Responsiveness for Surveys, Standards and the Journal. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 72(2).
Fraser-Thomas, L., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2005). Youth sports programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 10(1), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/1740898042000334890.
Graham, D. J., & Midgley, N. G. (2000). Graphical representation of particle shape using triangular diagrams: an Excel spreadsheet method. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 25(13), 1473–1477. doi:10.1002/1096-9837(200012)25:13<1473::aid-esp158>3.0.co;2-c
Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers. The Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193. doi:10.2307/258434
Harris, B., Li, N., Boswell, R., Zhang, A., & Xie, Z. (2013). Getting what’s new from newcomers: Empowering leadership, creativity, and adjustment in the socialization context. Personnel Psychology, 67, 567–604. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12053
Hoch, E. (2012). Shared Leadership and Innovation: The Role of Vertical Leadership and Employee Integrity. Journal of Business and Psychology, 28(2), 159–174. doi:10.1007/s10869-012-9273-6
Hope, R. (2012). Engaging the youth in Kenya: empowerment, education, and employment. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 17(4), 221 236.doi:10.1080/02673843.2012.657657
Hox, J. (1998). Multilevel Modeling: When and Why. Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization, 147–154. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-72087-1_17.
Kidd, B. 2008. “A New Social Movement: Sport for Development and Peace.” Sport in Society 11 (4): 370–380. doi:10.1080/17430430802019268.
Kim, M., and Beehr, A. (2017b). Self-Efficacy and psychological ownership mediate the effects of empowering leadership on both good and bad employee behaviors. J. Leadership. Organization. Stud. 24, 466–478. doi: 10.1177/1548051817702078
Klau, M. (2006). Exploring youth leadership in theory and practice. New Directions for Youth Development, 2006(109), 57–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.155.
Kuo, R., Lai, M., & Lee, G. (2011). The impact of empowering leadership for KMS adoption. Management Decision, 49(7), 1120–1140. doi:10.1108/00251741111151172.
Larasati, Ahluwalia1 (2020) Empowerment leadership and performance: antecedents Management, Universiras Teknokrat Indonesia Jl. ZA Pagaralam No. 9-11, Labuhan Ratu, Bandar Lampung. Jurnal TECHNOBIZ Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020, 35-39. ISSN 2655-3457
Lee, A., Willis, S., & Tian, W. (2017). Empowering leadership: A meta-analytic examination of incremental contribution, mediation, and moderation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(3), 306–325. doi:10.1002/job.2220.
Li, L., He, W., Yam, C., and Long, R. (2015). When and why empowering leadership increases followers’ taking charge: a multilevel examination in China. Asia Pacific Journal. Management. 32, 645–670. doi: 10.1007/s10490-015-9424-1.
Li, N., Chiaburu, S., and Kirkman, L. (2017). Cross-level influences of empowering leadership on citizenship behavior: organizational support climate as a double-edged sword. Journal. Management. 43, 1076–1102. doi: 10.1177
Malete L, McCole D, Tshube T, Mphela T, Maro C, Adamba C, et al. (2022) Effects of a sport based positive youth development program on youth life skills and entrepreneurial mindsets. PLoS ONE 17(2): e0261809. https:
Martin, A. (2006). Psychological Climate, Empowerment, Leadership Style, and Customer-Oriented Selling: An Analysis of the Sales Manager-Salesperson Dyad. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(3), 419–438. doi:10.1177/0092070306286205.
McLaughlin, K., Shoff, M., & Demi, A. (2014). Influence of Perceptions of Current and Future Community on Residential Aspirations of Rural Youth. Rural Sociology, 79(4), 453–477. doi:10.1111/ruso.12044 McMillan, H. (2001). Research in Education. (5th ed). NY:
Miguel, C., Ornelas, H., & Maroco, P. (2015). Defining psychological empowerment construct: analysis of three empowerment scales. Journal of Community Psychology, 43(7), 900–919. doi:10.1002/jcop.21721.
Nguyen, T., & Hale, M. (2017). “You Just Don’t Understand Me!” Determinants of Second Generation Asian and Latino Youth Self-Esteem. International Migration, 55(5), 44–61 doi:10.1111/imig.12305.
Nicholson, N., & Brenner, O. (1994). Dimensions of Perceived Organizational Performance: Tests of a Model. Applied Psychology, 43(1), 89–108. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.1994.tb00811.x.
Nicholson, N., & Brenner, S. O. (1994). Dimensions of perceived organizational performance: Tests of a model. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 43(1), 89–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1994.tb00811.x
Pallant, J. F., Mills & Tennant, A. (2010). Rasch analysis of the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 81(9), 1049–1051. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.151340
Pearce, J.A. and Robinson, R.B. (2011) Strategic Management: Formulation, Implementation and Control. McGraw Hill, New York.
Podsakoff, M., Ahearne, M., & MacKenzie, B. (1997). Organizational citizenship behavior and the quantity and quality of work group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 262–270. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.2.262.
Qian, J., Song, B., Jin, Z., Wang, B., & Chen, H. (2018). Linking Empowering Leadership to Task Performance, Taking Charge, and Voice: The Mediating Role of Feedback-Seeking. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02025
Roth, J. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2015). Evaluating youth development programs: Progress and promise. Applied Developmental Science, 20(3), 188–202. doi:10.1080/10888691.2015.1113879
Shrout, E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422–445. doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.4.422.
Snedecor GW, Cochran WG (1989) Statistical methods. Iowa University Press Ames
Spreitzer, G. (1995), “Psychological empowerment in the workplace: dimensions, measurement, and validation”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38 No. 5, pp. 1442‐65.
Srivastava, A., Bartol, M., and Locke, A. (2006). Empowering leadership in management teams: effects on knowledge sharing, efficacy, and performance. Acad. Manag. J. 49, 1239–1251. doi: 10.5465/amj.2006.23478718.
Thakkar, J. J. (2020). Structural Equation Modelling. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-3793-6 .
The Constitution of Kenya (2010) Government Press. Nairobi, Kenya
The regional analysis of youth demographic analysis report by (Kenya & UK governments, 2018)
Thomas, W. and Velthouse, A. (1990), “Cognitive elements of empowerment: an ‘interpretive’ model of intrinsic task motivation”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 666‐81.
UNDP. 2013. Kenya’s Youth Employment Challenge, (January 2012). United Nations Development Programme, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbp.361.
Ward, A. (2005). Whither Performance Management? Institute for employment studies.
Wong, I., & Giessner, R. (2016). The Thin Line Between Empowering and Laissez-Faire Leadership: An Expectancy-Match Perspective. Journal of Management, 44(2), 757–783. doi:10.1177/0149206315574597.
Xiao Ma, Lara Khansa & Sung S. Kim (2018) Active Community Participation and Crowdworking Turnover: A Longitudinal Model and Empirical Test of Three Mechanisms, Journal of Management Information Systems, 35:4, 1154-1187, DOI: 10.1080/07421222.2018.1523587
Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in Organization. Pearson.
Zeldin, S. (2004). Preventing youth violence through the promotion of community engagement and membership. Journal of Community Psychology, 32(5), 623–641. doi:10.1002/jcop.20023.
Argyrous, G. (2005). Statistics for research (2nd ed.). Wiltshire, UK: Sage
Balla, J., & Hau, K. T. (1996). The learning approaches of Chinese people: A function of socialization processes and the context of learning? In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 109–123). Oxford University Press.
Coakley, J. 2011. “Youth Sports: What Counts as ‘Positive Development?’” Journal of Sport & Social Issues 35 (3): 306–324. doi: 10.1177/0193723511417311.
Coalter, F. (2013b). ’There is loads of relationships here’: Developing a programme theory for sport-for-change programmes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 48(5), 594–612. *Coalter, F. (2015). Sport-for-change: Some thoughts from a sceptic. Social Inclusion, 3(3), 19–23.
Cooper, R., & Schindler, S. (2014). Business Research Methods. McGraw Hill.
Costello, A. B. and Osborne, J. W. (2005) Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10, 1-9
Field, A. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS for Windows. Sage Publications Ltd
Fincham, J. E. (2008). Response Rates and Responsiveness for Surveys, Standards and the Journal. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 72(2).
Fraser-Thomas, L., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2005). Youth sports programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 10(1), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/1740898042000334890.
Graham, D. J., & Midgley, N. G. (2000). Graphical representation of particle shape using triangular diagrams: an Excel spreadsheet method. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 25(13), 1473–1477. doi:10.1002/1096-9837(200012)25:13<1473::aid-esp158>3.0.co;2-c
Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers. The Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193. doi:10.2307/258434
Harris, B., Li, N., Boswell, R., Zhang, A., & Xie, Z. (2013). Getting what’s new from newcomers: Empowering leadership, creativity, and adjustment in the socialization context. Personnel Psychology, 67, 567–604. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12053
Hoch, E. (2012). Shared Leadership and Innovation: The Role of Vertical Leadership and Employee Integrity. Journal of Business and Psychology, 28(2), 159–174. doi:10.1007/s10869-012-9273-6
Hope, R. (2012). Engaging the youth in Kenya: empowerment, education, and employment. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 17(4), 221 236.doi:10.1080/02673843.2012.657657
Hox, J. (1998). Multilevel Modeling: When and Why. Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization, 147–154. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-72087-1_17.
Kidd, B. 2008. “A New Social Movement: Sport for Development and Peace.” Sport in Society 11 (4): 370–380. doi:10.1080/17430430802019268.
Kim, M., and Beehr, A. (2017b). Self-Efficacy and psychological ownership mediate the effects of empowering leadership on both good and bad employee behaviors. J. Leadership. Organization. Stud. 24, 466–478. doi: 10.1177/1548051817702078
Klau, M. (2006). Exploring youth leadership in theory and practice. New Directions for Youth Development, 2006(109), 57–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.155.
Kuo, R., Lai, M., & Lee, G. (2011). The impact of empowering leadership for KMS adoption. Management Decision, 49(7), 1120–1140. doi:10.1108/00251741111151172.
Larasati, Ahluwalia1 (2020) Empowerment leadership and performance: antecedents Management, Universiras Teknokrat Indonesia Jl. ZA Pagaralam No. 9-11, Labuhan Ratu, Bandar Lampung. Jurnal TECHNOBIZ Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020, 35-39. ISSN 2655-3457
Lee, A., Willis, S., & Tian, W. (2017). Empowering leadership: A meta-analytic examination of incremental contribution, mediation, and moderation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(3), 306–325. doi:10.1002/job.2220.
Li, L., He, W., Yam, C., and Long, R. (2015). When and why empowering leadership increases followers’ taking charge: a multilevel examination in China. Asia Pacific Journal. Management. 32, 645–670. doi: 10.1007/s10490-015-9424-1.
Li, N., Chiaburu, S., and Kirkman, L. (2017). Cross-level influences of empowering leadership on citizenship behavior: organizational support climate as a double-edged sword. Journal. Management. 43, 1076–1102. doi: 10.1177
Malete L, McCole D, Tshube T, Mphela T, Maro C, Adamba C, et al. (2022) Effects of a sport based positive youth development program on youth life skills and entrepreneurial mindsets. PLoS ONE 17(2): e0261809. https:
Martin, A. (2006). Psychological Climate, Empowerment, Leadership Style, and Customer-Oriented Selling: An Analysis of the Sales Manager-Salesperson Dyad. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(3), 419–438. doi:10.1177/0092070306286205.
McLaughlin, K., Shoff, M., & Demi, A. (2014). Influence of Perceptions of Current and Future Community on Residential Aspirations of Rural Youth. Rural Sociology, 79(4), 453–477. doi:10.1111/ruso.12044 McMillan, H. (2001). Research in Education. (5th ed). NY:
Miguel, C., Ornelas, H., & Maroco, P. (2015). Defining psychological empowerment construct: analysis of three empowerment scales. Journal of Community Psychology, 43(7), 900–919. doi:10.1002/jcop.21721.
Nguyen, T., & Hale, M. (2017). “You Just Don’t Understand Me!” Determinants of Second Generation Asian and Latino Youth Self-Esteem. International Migration, 55(5), 44–61 doi:10.1111/imig.12305.
Nicholson, N., & Brenner, O. (1994). Dimensions of Perceived Organizational Performance: Tests of a Model. Applied Psychology, 43(1), 89–108. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.1994.tb00811.x.
Nicholson, N., & Brenner, S. O. (1994). Dimensions of perceived organizational performance: Tests of a model. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 43(1), 89–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1994.tb00811.x
Pallant, J. F., Mills & Tennant, A. (2010). Rasch analysis of the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 81(9), 1049–1051. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.151340
Pearce, J.A. and Robinson, R.B. (2011) Strategic Management: Formulation, Implementation and Control. McGraw Hill, New York.
Podsakoff, M., Ahearne, M., & MacKenzie, B. (1997). Organizational citizenship behavior and the quantity and quality of work group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 262–270. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.2.262.
Qian, J., Song, B., Jin, Z., Wang, B., & Chen, H. (2018). Linking Empowering Leadership to Task Performance, Taking Charge, and Voice: The Mediating Role of Feedback-Seeking. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02025
Roth, J. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2015). Evaluating youth development programs: Progress and promise. Applied Developmental Science, 20(3), 188–202. doi:10.1080/10888691.2015.1113879
Shrout, E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422–445. doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.4.422.
Snedecor GW, Cochran WG (1989) Statistical methods. Iowa University Press Ames
Spreitzer, G. (1995), “Psychological empowerment in the workplace: dimensions, measurement, and validation”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38 No. 5, pp. 1442‐65.
Srivastava, A., Bartol, M., and Locke, A. (2006). Empowering leadership in management teams: effects on knowledge sharing, efficacy, and performance. Acad. Manag. J. 49, 1239–1251. doi: 10.5465/amj.2006.23478718.
Thakkar, J. J. (2020). Structural Equation Modelling. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-3793-6 .
The Constitution of Kenya (2010) Government Press. Nairobi, Kenya
The regional analysis of youth demographic analysis report by (Kenya & UK governments, 2018)
Thomas, W. and Velthouse, A. (1990), “Cognitive elements of empowerment: an ‘interpretive’ model of intrinsic task motivation”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 666‐81.
UNDP. 2013. Kenya’s Youth Employment Challenge, (January 2012). United Nations Development Programme, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbp.361.
Ward, A. (2005). Whither Performance Management? Institute for employment studies.
Wong, I., & Giessner, R. (2016). The Thin Line Between Empowering and Laissez-Faire Leadership: An Expectancy-Match Perspective. Journal of Management, 44(2), 757–783. doi:10.1177/0149206315574597.
Xiao Ma, Lara Khansa & Sung S. Kim (2018) Active Community Participation and Crowdworking Turnover: A Longitudinal Model and Empirical Test of Three Mechanisms, Journal of Management Information Systems, 35:4, 1154-1187, DOI: 10.1080/07421222.2018.1523587
Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in Organization. Pearson.
Zeldin, S. (2004). Preventing youth violence through the promotion of community engagement and membership. Journal of Community Psychology, 32(5), 623–641. doi:10.1002/jcop.20023.