STRATEGIC CLARITY AND PERFORMANCE OF ENERGY SECTOR STATE CORPORATIONS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Main Article Content
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of strategic clarity on performance of energy sector state corporations in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study employed the correlational cross-sectional survey research design to test noncausal relationship between the study variables without the researcher controlling any of them. The target population consisted of 126 senior and middle managers of the 4 energy sector state corporations in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 96 senior and middle managers of the 4 energy sector state corporations in Nairobi City County, Kenya. A self-administered structured survey questionnaire was used to collect primary data. A cross-sectional survey-based approach was used to collect primary data. The study utilized the drop and pick method. The collected data was coded, edited and entered into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 to create a data sheet that was used for statistical analysis. The descriptive statistics were used to compute, summarize the data in respect to each variable and describe the sample’s characteristics. The Pearson’s product moment correlation analysis was performed to confirm or deny the relationship between the study variables. The correlation results indicated that goal clarity and role clarity had positive and significant relationship with the performance of energy sector state corporations in Nairobi City County, Kenya. A standard multiple linear analysis was performed with the performance of energy sector state corporations as the dependent variable and goal clarity and role clarity as the predictor variables. The regression results indicated that goal clarity and role clarity had positive and significant influence on the performance of energy sector state corporations in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study recommends that managers and practitioners should consider a holistic reassessment and implementation of strategic clarity to foster the performance of energy sector state corporations. The policymakers should consider initiating a review of the existing policies to motivate the managers and practitioners to consider a holistic reassessment and implementation of strategic clarity to foster the performance of energy sector state corporations. Future research should examine the influence of strategic clarity on firm performance with environmental turbulence as a moderator in other sectors or contexts.
Article Details
Issue
Section
Articles
References
Abraham, K. M., Erickson, P. S., Sata, M. J., & Lewis, S. B. (2022). Job satisfaction and burnout among peer support specialists: The contributions of supervisory mentorship, recovery-oriented workplaces, and role clarity. Advances in Mental Health, 20(1), 38-50.
Ahmed, A. H. (2023). Strategic ambidexterity and its role in achieving contemporary initiatives: an exploratory study of opinions of a sample of managers of travel and tourism companies in holy governorate of Kerbala-Iraq. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 11(2), 13-21.
Ahmed, T., Chaojun, Y., Hongjuan, Y., & Mahmood, S. (2022). The impact of empowering leadership on job performance of higher education institutions employees: Mediating role of goal clarity and self-efficacy. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 677-694.
Althubaiti, A. (2023). Sample size determination: A practical guide for health researchers. Journal of General and Family Medicine, 24(2), 72-78.
Andriansyah, M. A., Sudiro, A., & Juwita, H. A. J. (2023). Employee performance as mediated by organisational commitment between transactional leadership and role ambiguity. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 12(5), 139-150.
Aparna, S. M., & Sahney, S. (2022). Examining resilience: The role of creativity-oriented high-performance work practices and role clarity. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 35(7), 1047-1060.
Asamani, L., Acquah-Coleman, R., Senayah, W. K., & Oppong, S. (2025). Interactive roles of resource availability, role clarity and employee motivation in enhancing organisational effectiveness through employee performance and job satisfaction. Discover Psychology, 5(1), 12.
Baía, E. P., & Ferreira, J. J. (2024). Dynamic capabilities and performance: How has the relationship been assessed?. Journal of Management & Organization, 30(1), 188-217.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of management, 17(1), 99-120.
Barney, J. B., Ketchen Jr, D. J., & Wright, M. (2021). Resource-based theory and the value creation framework. Journal of Management, 47(7), 1936-1955.
Bell, E., Bryman, A., & Harley, B. (2022). Business research methods. Oxford university press.
Bellamkonda, N., Santhanam, N., & Pattusamy, M. (2021). Goal clarity, trust in management and intention to stay: The mediating role of work engagement. South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management, 8(1), 9-28.
Bernuzzi, C., Sommovigo, V., Maffoni, M., Setti, I., & Argentero, P. (2023). A mixed-method study on the bright side of organizational change: Role clarity and supervisor support as resources for employees’ resilience. Journal of Change Management, 23(2), 143-176.
Bernuzzi, C., Sommovigo, V., O’Shea, D., & Setti, I. (2023). A mixed-method study on job satisfaction among air traffic controllers during the pandemic: The roles of work-family interface and resilience. The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 33(4), 247-269.
Buzzao, G., & Rizzi, F. (2023). The role of dynamic capabilities for resilience in pursuing business continuity: an empirical study. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 34(11-12), 1353-1385.
Chen, J., Ghardallou, W., Comite, U., Ahmad, N., Ryu, H. B., Ariza-Montes, A., & Han, H. (2022). Managing hospital employees’ burnout through transformational leadership: the role of resilience, role clarity, and intrinsic motivation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 10941.
Chermik, H. G. (2021). The role of strategic clarity in entrepreneurial organizations-an exploratory study of the opinions of a sample of faculty members in the College of Administration and Economics/Qadisiyah University. Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economic Sciences, 11(1), 127-143.
Cheung, G. W., Cooper-Thomas, H. D., Lau, R. S., & Wang, L. C. (2024). Reporting reliability, convergent and discriminant validity with structural equation modeling: A review and best-practice recommendations. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 41(2), 745-783.
Coston, A., Kawakami, A., Zhu, H., Holstein, K., & Heidari, H. (2023, February). A validity perspective on evaluating the justified use of data-driven decision-making algorithms. In 2023 IEEE conference on secure and trustworthy machine learning (SaTML) (pp. 690-704). IEEE.
Datche, E. D., Kising’u, T., & Kalimbo, A. M. (2023). The moderating effect of environmental dynamism in the relationship between innovation capability and performance of manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Reviewed Journal International of Business Management, 4(1), 294-322.
Davis, D. F., & McCarthy-Byrne, T. M. (2022). Resource-advantage theory. In Handbook of Theories for Purchasing, Supply Chain and Management Research (pp. 140-152). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Eckland, N. S., & Berenbaum, H. (2023). Clarity of emotions and goals: Exploring associations with subjective well-being across adulthood. Affective Science, 4(2), 401-412.
Elovainio, M., & Kivipelto, M. (2025). The structural validity and psychometric properties of the key measure. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 1-30.
Fama, E. F., & Miller, M. H. (1972). The theory of finance. Holt Rinehart & Winston.
Fang, C., Ran, Y., Huan, Z., & Xiaoyan, Z. (2025). The mediating role of decent work perception in role clarity and job embeddedness among Chinese nurses: a cross-sectional study. BMC nursing, 24(1), 2252.
Gamage, A. N. (2025). Research design, philosophy, and quantitative approaches in scientific research methodology. Sch J Eng Tech, 2, 91-103.
Gitau, L. N., & Makokha, E. N. (2025). Strategic stakeholder engagement clarity and performance of County Government of TransNzoia, Kenya. International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM), 12(2), 17-25.
Gross, A. M., Lai, J., Eckland, N. S., & Thompson, R. J. (2025). Interoceptive awareness and clarity of one’s emotions and goals: A naturalistic investigation. Emotion.
Ha, T. S., & Moon, K. K. (2023). Distributive justice, goal clarity, and organizational citizenship behavior: The moderating role of transactional and transformational leadership. Sustainability, 15(9), 7403.
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook (p. 197). Springer Nature.
Hair, J., & Alamer, A. (2022). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in second language and education research: Guidelines using an applied example. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 1(3), 100027.
Hasibuan, H. S., Marbun, J., Esadora, S., Tamebaha, A., Sakban, A., & Safrida, S. (2025). Analysis of the impact of work stress, role clarity, and competence on employee performance at the North Sumatra DGT Regional Office. East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 4(3), 1265-1278.
Hiebl, M. R. (2023). Sample selection in systematic literature reviews of management research. Organizational research methods, 26(2), 229-261.
Hussain, A. N., Olaywi, A. H., Amanah, A. A., & Fadhil, A. H. (2024). Interactive role of strategic clarity in the relationship between organizational conflict management and strategic decision quality. Business: Theory and Practice, 25(1), 154-163.
Kalhotra, S. K., & Singh, N. (2025). Research methodology. Addition Publishing House.
Khan, K. K., & Mohsin Reza, M. (2022). Social research: Definitions, types, nature, and characteristics. In Principles of Social Research Methodology (pp. 29-41). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Koetsenruijter, J., & Wensing, M. (2023). Survey methods in health services research. In Foundations of Health Services Research: Principles, Methods, and Topics (pp. 99-110). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Kong, L., Sofuoğlu, E., Ishola, B. D., Abbas, S., Guo, Q., & Khudoykulov, K. (2024). Sustainable development through structural transformation: a pathway to economic, social, and environmental progress. Economic Change and Restructuring, 57(2), 27.
Kong’ani, L. N. S., & Kweyu, R. M. (2022). Toward sustainable implementation of geothermal energy projects - The case of Olkaria IV project in Kenya. In Geothermal Energy-Challenges and Improvements. IntechOpen.
Kumar, M., Poudineh, R., & Shamsuddin, A. (2021). Electricity supply industry reform and design of competitive electricity market in Malaysia (No. 44). OIES Paper: EL.
Kumar, S., & Rathore, K. (2023). Renewable energy for sustainable development goal of clean and affordable energy. International Journal of Materials Manufacturing and Sustainable Technologies, 2(1), 1-15.
Lan, M., Hu, Z., & Nie, T. (2025). Unwilling or unable? The impact of role clarity and job competence on frontline employees’ taking charge behaviors in hospitality industry. Behavioral Sciences, 15(4), 526.
Lascu, E. (2024). Active turnaround and restructuring dichotomy under a disruptive eve. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence (Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 563-572).
Lee, D., Lee, J., & Kim, S. Y. (2024). Paving the way for interpersonal collaboration in telework: The moderating role of organizational goal clarity in the public workplace. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 44(4), 768-789.
Lee, D., Lee, J., & Kim, S. Y. (2024). Paving the way for interpersonal collaboration in telework: The moderating role of organizational goal clarity in the public workplace. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 44(4), 768-789.
Li, W., Wei, K., Xu, T., & Wang, J. (2025). How goal clarity affects college students' perceived effectiveness of online self-directed learning: Evidence from China. Education and Information Technologies, 1-27.
Lin, T., Raventhiranathan, N., Ahmad, M., Feit, A. L., Hotze, A. E., Ker, G. L., ... & Bergese, S. D. (2025). Bringing clarity to complex pediatric perioperative care: Development of a novel pathway to support goal-directed, patient-centered care. Cancers, 17(9), 1452.
Ludviga, I., & Kalvina, A. (2024). Organizational agility during crisis: Do employees’ perceptions of public sector organizations’ strategic agility foster employees’ work engagement and well-being?. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 36(2), 209-229.
MacKenzie, R., McLachlan, C. J., Ahlstrand, R., Rydell, A., & Hobbins, J. (2024). Strategic, episodic and truncated orientations to planning in post-redundancy career transitions. human relations, 00187267241233494.
Mahdi, U. A., & Al-Taie, A. H. (2024). Strategic clarity and its impact on improving the mental image of the organization: Analytical research at the University of Fallujah. Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 30(144), 1-13.
Makau, C. (2024). The Effect of corporate restructuring on employee performance: a case of the NCBA merger (Doctoral dissertation, Strathmore University).
Mao, L., Sun, G., He, Y., Zheng, S., & Guo, C. (2024). Regional cultural inclusiveness and firm performance in China. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 1-14.
Marney, R., & Stubbs, T. (2024). Reprise-The five phases of restructuring. Emerging Markets Debt Restructuring: Effectively Navigating Local Institutional Frameworks, 3-11.
Marney, R., & Stubbs, T. (2024). Restructuring strategy: Nash meets Lorenz and Freud. In emerging markets debt restructuring: Effectively navigating local institutional frameworks (pp. 443-471). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Masinde, M. M., & Gitau, R. (2024). Corporate restructuring and performance of cement manufacturing firms in Machakos County, Kenya. International Journal of Social Sciences Management and Entrepreneurship (IJSSME), 8(4), 19-39.
Mavlutova, I., Babenko, V., Dykan, V., Prokopenko, N., Kalinichenko, S., & Tokmakova, I. (2021). Business restructuring as a method of strengtening company’s financial position. Journal of Optimization in Industrial Engineering, 14(1), 129-139.
May, T., & Perry, B. (2022). Social research: Issues, methods and process. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Mbugua, A. N., Ngugi, P. K., Thogori, M., & Mwangi, P. (2024a). Operations management and performance of energy sector state corporations in Nairobi City County, Kenya in Kenya. International Journal of Social Sciences Management and Entrepreneurship (IJSSME), 8(3), 39-55.
McGrath, P. J. (2024). Human resource management practices in corporate restructuring: A review and agenda for future research. Personnel Review.
Mhango, C. (2024). An investigation into the drivers and barriers affecting the implementation of renewable energy technologies in Zambia (Masters dissertation, University of Zambia.
Minetti, R., Murro, P., Peruzzi, V., & Schaffer, M. (2024). Navigating crises. organizational innovation and goal clarity in bad times. Organizational Innovation and Goal clarity in Bad Times (May 10, 2024).
Mızrak, F. (2024). Effective change management strategies: Exploring dynamic models for organizational transformation. In Perspectives on artificial intelligence in times of turbulence: Theoretical background to applications (pp. 135-162). IGI Global.
Monira, A., Ola, S., & Khan, M. (2024). Organizational culture adaptability by leaders and its influence on firm performance. In 14th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, https:// doi.org/10.46254/AN14.20240610.
Moyo, B., & Oree, V. (2024, June). Renewable energy policies in Sub-Saharan Africa: An analysis of strategies, challenges, and pathways to sustainable development. In 2024 1st International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Artificial Intelligence (SESAI) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Muchunku, C. (2024). Applying transition management to electricity access planning in Kenya. Energy for Sustainable Development, 80, 101463.
Mugasia, F. (2022). The role of training and development on employee performance at Kenya Power and Lighting Company (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
Munyi, C. W. (2024). Supply chain management practices and performance of firms in the electricity energy sub-sector in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, JKUAT-COHRED).
Nie, T., Chen, X., Chen, H., Peng, Q., Yue, L., & Zhang, P. (2025). Current status and influencing factors of role clarity among junior nurses in tertiary hospitals: A cross-sectional study. Research Square. doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6294537/v1
Nyanchama, J. F., & Wanyoike, D. M. (2024). Effect of goal clarity on the performance of selected public universities in Kenya. The International Journal of Business Management and Technology, 8(1), 222-237.
Nyoka, N. (2022). Technological capability building and major policy change in the South African renewable energy industry (Doctoral dissertation).
O’Reilly III, C. A., & Tushman, M. L. (2021). Lead and disrupt: How to solve the innovator's dilemma. Stanford University Press.
Ochido, F. O., & Njoroge, J. (2023). Influence of corporate governance practices on financial performance of Kenya Power and Lighting Company. Reviewed Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 4(1), 315-331.
Ochieng, E. O. (2023). The effect of turnaround strategy on the performance of Kenya Power Lighting Company PLC (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
Odero, H., Wekesa, C., & Irungu, G. (2022). Wind energy resource prediction and optimal storage sizing to guarantee dispatchability: A case study in the Kenyan power grid. Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2022(1), 4044757.
Ogeya, M., & Lambe, F. (2024). The political economy of mini-grid electricity development and innovation in Kenya. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition, 6, 100092.
Olaoye, F. O., Fakiyesi, O. A., & Jabar, A. A. (2024). Impacts of corporate structural changes on performance of banks and non-bank financial institutions in Nigeria, 2005-2019. ABUAD Journal of Social and Management Sciences, 5(1), 1-27.
Onsongo, E., Nayema, K., Kinuthia, B. K., Kausya, M., & Okoko, A. (2023). Kenya National eCooking Baseline Study Report.
Panesar, S., & Rameshwar, R. (2023). Strategic-cum-sustainability policy framework: A review of ‘electricity generating companies (GENCOs)’. Reimagining Management in the post VUCA World, 49.
Pasman, E., Lee, G., Kollin, R., Broman, M. J., Aguis, E., & Resko, S. M. (2024). Emotional exhaustion and workplace belongingness among peer recovery coaches during COVID-19. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 24(2), 227-239.
Penrose, E. T. (2009). The theory of the growth of the firm. Oxford university press.
Penrose, L. S. (1959). Self-reproducing machines. Scientific American, 200(6), 105-117.
Pérez-Arriaga, I. J., Nagpal, D., Jacquot, G., & Stoner, R. (2021). Harnessing the power of integration to achieve universal electricity access: the case for the Integrated Distribution Framework. In Handbook on Electricity Markets (pp. 540-567). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Permana, I. T., Rahayu, A., Wibowo, L. A., Dirgantari, P. D., Yulianto, E., & Nurgraha, R. (2023, September). Company strategy formulation approach through organizational structure transformation to optimize business performance. In 7th Global Conference on Business, Management, and Entrepreneurship (GCBME 2022) (pp. 1603-1616). Atlantis Press.
Peteraf, M. A., & Barney, J. B. (2003). Unraveling the resource‐based tangle. Managerial and decision economics, 24(4), 309-323.
Peteraf, M. A., & Barney, J. B. (2003). Unraveling the resource‐based tangle. Managerial and decision economics, 24(4), 309-323.
Pham, H., Ha, V., Le, H. H., Ramiah, V., & Frino, A. (2024). The effects of polluting behaviour, dirty energy and electricity consumption on firm performance: Evidence from the recent crises. Energy Economics, 129, 107247.
Prilian, K., & Situmorang, O. (2024). The influence of trust in management, goal clarity, and work-family conflict on intention to stay with the mediation of work engagement among employees of PT. Sanyon Bangun Lestari. Eduvest-Journal of Universal Studies, 4(3), 1000-1020.
Qadir, F., & Fatima, T. (2023). Influence of strategic leadership on sustained competitive advantage through the moderating role of facilitation learning climate in the telecom sector of Pakistan. Journal of Development and Social Sciences, 4(2), 167-178.
Rahman, S. R., Rahman, M. M., & Yeo, Z. S. (2024). Reliability and validation of the malay version of the gender equitable men scale questionnaire. Journal of Health and Translational Medicine (JUMMEC), 27(1), 88-95.
Rahmani, S. A., & Setiawati, E. (2024). Pengaruh financial distress, firm life cycle, dan corporate restructuring Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan: Studi Empiris Perusahaan Infrastuktur yang Terdaftar di BEI Tahun 2020-2022. Al-Kharaj: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan & Bisnis Syariah, 6(7), 5757-5770.
Ramirez-Soto, A. N., Ríos, J. E. S., Rodriguez, V. H. P., Vite, I. P. Y., & Castaneda, P. E. R. (2024). Models of Strategic management in SMEs in the period of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Metropolitan Lima. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18(1), e04936-e04936.
Rotich, I. K., Chepkirui, H., & Musyimi, P. K. (2024). Renewable energy status and uptake in Kenya. Energy Strategy Reviews, 54, 101453.
Rotich, I. K., Chepkirui, H., Musyimi, P. K., & Kipruto, G. (2024). Geothermal energy in Kenya: Evaluating health impacts and environmental challenges. Energy for Sustainable Development, 82, 101522.
Safira, D. D., Wandebori, H., & Hamsal, M. (2024). Corporate parenting and center development on Indonesia automotive manufacturer to improve its business performance. Global Business & Finance Review, 29(7), 30-45.
Saunders, M. N., & Darabi, F. (2024). Using multi-and mixed methods research designs. In Field Guide to Researching Employment and Industrial Relations (pp. 71-87). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Shahzad, S., & Jasińska, E. (2024). Renewable revolution: A review of strategic flexibility in future power systems. Sustainability, 16(13), 5454.
Sharouda, E. E. D., Gaber, S., & Gouda, O. (2024, September). Strategic Management of Egyptian-African Geothermal Power Plant Project 60-MW Associated with Sustainable Development in Kenya. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 2830, No. 1, p. 012010). IOP Publishing.
Smith, S. D., & Thomas, T. F. (2024). The effects of strategic alignment and strategic clarity on multidimensional task performance. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 112, 101524.
Spittler, N., Davidsdottir, B., Shafiei, E., & Diemer, A. (2021). Implications of renewable resource dynamics for energy system planning: The case of geothermal and hydropower in Kenya. Energy Policy, 150, 111985.
Stoiber, K., Degischer, D., Hautz, J., & Matzler, K. (2024). Open strategy as turnaround: The impact of openness in restructuring under financial distress. Academy of Management Perspectives, (ja), amp-2023.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997a). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic management journal, 18(7), 509-533.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997b). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Knowledge and Strategy, 18(7), 509-533.
Ul Hassan, F. S., Karim, W., Shah, H. A., & Khan, N. U. (2023). Role stress and organizational commitment in the service industry: A moderated mediation model of job burnout and transformational leadership. Journal of Management Development, 42(3), 165-182.
Ul-Hassan, F. S., Ikramullah, M., Khan, H., & Shah, H. A. (2021). Linking role clarity and organizational commitment of social workers through job involvement and job satisfaction: a test of serial multiple mediation model. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 45(4), 337-351.
Utami, H., & Alamanos, E. (2022). Resource-based theory. Resource-based theory. A review. Water Act, 2016, 1-26.
Varadarajan, R. (2023). Resource advantage theory, resource based theory, and theory of multimarket competition: Does multimarket rivalry restrain firms from leveraging resource advantages?. Journal of Business Research, 160, 113713.
Walrond, N. A. (2025). Establishing organizational clarity within a changing ecosystem.
Wang, T. Y. (2022). Strategic ambiguity or strategic clarity: China’s rise and US policy towards the Taiwan issue. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 23477970251335139.
Wood, J. M., Wiesner, R., Morrison, R. R., Factor, A., & McKeown, T. (2024). Organisational behaviour: Core concepts and applications. John Wiley & Sons.
Zaheer, M. A., Raza, M. A., Manzoor, M., & Raja, U. A. (2024). Is role clarity and workplace autonomy the key dilemma for multinational telecommunication organizations in developing countries?. Управленец, 15(2), 48-65.
Zettna, N., Yam, C., Kunzelmann, A., Forner, V. W., Dey, S., Askovic, M., ... & Parker, S. K. (2025). Crystal clear: How leaders and coworkers together shape role clarity and well‐being for employees in social care. Human Resource Management, 64(1), 5-20.
Zheng, L., Pei, J., He, G., & Zhu, Y. (2025). Leader-employee perfectionism (in) congruence and role clarity: A role theory approach to employee workplace well-being. Personnel Review, 54(4), 996-1011.
Zhu, L., Zahar, M. B., & Shaharruddin, S. B. (2025). The impact of goal clarity and extensive training on fintech strategic change. Cuadernos de Economía, 48(136), 14-23.
Ahmed, A. H. (2023). Strategic ambidexterity and its role in achieving contemporary initiatives: an exploratory study of opinions of a sample of managers of travel and tourism companies in holy governorate of Kerbala-Iraq. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 11(2), 13-21.
Ahmed, T., Chaojun, Y., Hongjuan, Y., & Mahmood, S. (2022). The impact of empowering leadership on job performance of higher education institutions employees: Mediating role of goal clarity and self-efficacy. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 677-694.
Althubaiti, A. (2023). Sample size determination: A practical guide for health researchers. Journal of General and Family Medicine, 24(2), 72-78.
Andriansyah, M. A., Sudiro, A., & Juwita, H. A. J. (2023). Employee performance as mediated by organisational commitment between transactional leadership and role ambiguity. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 12(5), 139-150.
Aparna, S. M., & Sahney, S. (2022). Examining resilience: The role of creativity-oriented high-performance work practices and role clarity. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 35(7), 1047-1060.
Asamani, L., Acquah-Coleman, R., Senayah, W. K., & Oppong, S. (2025). Interactive roles of resource availability, role clarity and employee motivation in enhancing organisational effectiveness through employee performance and job satisfaction. Discover Psychology, 5(1), 12.
Baía, E. P., & Ferreira, J. J. (2024). Dynamic capabilities and performance: How has the relationship been assessed?. Journal of Management & Organization, 30(1), 188-217.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of management, 17(1), 99-120.
Barney, J. B., Ketchen Jr, D. J., & Wright, M. (2021). Resource-based theory and the value creation framework. Journal of Management, 47(7), 1936-1955.
Bell, E., Bryman, A., & Harley, B. (2022). Business research methods. Oxford university press.
Bellamkonda, N., Santhanam, N., & Pattusamy, M. (2021). Goal clarity, trust in management and intention to stay: The mediating role of work engagement. South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management, 8(1), 9-28.
Bernuzzi, C., Sommovigo, V., Maffoni, M., Setti, I., & Argentero, P. (2023). A mixed-method study on the bright side of organizational change: Role clarity and supervisor support as resources for employees’ resilience. Journal of Change Management, 23(2), 143-176.
Bernuzzi, C., Sommovigo, V., O’Shea, D., & Setti, I. (2023). A mixed-method study on job satisfaction among air traffic controllers during the pandemic: The roles of work-family interface and resilience. The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 33(4), 247-269.
Buzzao, G., & Rizzi, F. (2023). The role of dynamic capabilities for resilience in pursuing business continuity: an empirical study. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 34(11-12), 1353-1385.
Chen, J., Ghardallou, W., Comite, U., Ahmad, N., Ryu, H. B., Ariza-Montes, A., & Han, H. (2022). Managing hospital employees’ burnout through transformational leadership: the role of resilience, role clarity, and intrinsic motivation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 10941.
Chermik, H. G. (2021). The role of strategic clarity in entrepreneurial organizations-an exploratory study of the opinions of a sample of faculty members in the College of Administration and Economics/Qadisiyah University. Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economic Sciences, 11(1), 127-143.
Cheung, G. W., Cooper-Thomas, H. D., Lau, R. S., & Wang, L. C. (2024). Reporting reliability, convergent and discriminant validity with structural equation modeling: A review and best-practice recommendations. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 41(2), 745-783.
Coston, A., Kawakami, A., Zhu, H., Holstein, K., & Heidari, H. (2023, February). A validity perspective on evaluating the justified use of data-driven decision-making algorithms. In 2023 IEEE conference on secure and trustworthy machine learning (SaTML) (pp. 690-704). IEEE.
Datche, E. D., Kising’u, T., & Kalimbo, A. M. (2023). The moderating effect of environmental dynamism in the relationship between innovation capability and performance of manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Reviewed Journal International of Business Management, 4(1), 294-322.
Davis, D. F., & McCarthy-Byrne, T. M. (2022). Resource-advantage theory. In Handbook of Theories for Purchasing, Supply Chain and Management Research (pp. 140-152). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Eckland, N. S., & Berenbaum, H. (2023). Clarity of emotions and goals: Exploring associations with subjective well-being across adulthood. Affective Science, 4(2), 401-412.
Elovainio, M., & Kivipelto, M. (2025). The structural validity and psychometric properties of the key measure. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 1-30.
Fama, E. F., & Miller, M. H. (1972). The theory of finance. Holt Rinehart & Winston.
Fang, C., Ran, Y., Huan, Z., & Xiaoyan, Z. (2025). The mediating role of decent work perception in role clarity and job embeddedness among Chinese nurses: a cross-sectional study. BMC nursing, 24(1), 2252.
Gamage, A. N. (2025). Research design, philosophy, and quantitative approaches in scientific research methodology. Sch J Eng Tech, 2, 91-103.
Gitau, L. N., & Makokha, E. N. (2025). Strategic stakeholder engagement clarity and performance of County Government of TransNzoia, Kenya. International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM), 12(2), 17-25.
Gross, A. M., Lai, J., Eckland, N. S., & Thompson, R. J. (2025). Interoceptive awareness and clarity of one’s emotions and goals: A naturalistic investigation. Emotion.
Ha, T. S., & Moon, K. K. (2023). Distributive justice, goal clarity, and organizational citizenship behavior: The moderating role of transactional and transformational leadership. Sustainability, 15(9), 7403.
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook (p. 197). Springer Nature.
Hair, J., & Alamer, A. (2022). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in second language and education research: Guidelines using an applied example. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 1(3), 100027.
Hasibuan, H. S., Marbun, J., Esadora, S., Tamebaha, A., Sakban, A., & Safrida, S. (2025). Analysis of the impact of work stress, role clarity, and competence on employee performance at the North Sumatra DGT Regional Office. East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 4(3), 1265-1278.
Hiebl, M. R. (2023). Sample selection in systematic literature reviews of management research. Organizational research methods, 26(2), 229-261.
Hussain, A. N., Olaywi, A. H., Amanah, A. A., & Fadhil, A. H. (2024). Interactive role of strategic clarity in the relationship between organizational conflict management and strategic decision quality. Business: Theory and Practice, 25(1), 154-163.
Kalhotra, S. K., & Singh, N. (2025). Research methodology. Addition Publishing House.
Khan, K. K., & Mohsin Reza, M. (2022). Social research: Definitions, types, nature, and characteristics. In Principles of Social Research Methodology (pp. 29-41). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Koetsenruijter, J., & Wensing, M. (2023). Survey methods in health services research. In Foundations of Health Services Research: Principles, Methods, and Topics (pp. 99-110). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Kong, L., Sofuoğlu, E., Ishola, B. D., Abbas, S., Guo, Q., & Khudoykulov, K. (2024). Sustainable development through structural transformation: a pathway to economic, social, and environmental progress. Economic Change and Restructuring, 57(2), 27.
Kong’ani, L. N. S., & Kweyu, R. M. (2022). Toward sustainable implementation of geothermal energy projects - The case of Olkaria IV project in Kenya. In Geothermal Energy-Challenges and Improvements. IntechOpen.
Kumar, M., Poudineh, R., & Shamsuddin, A. (2021). Electricity supply industry reform and design of competitive electricity market in Malaysia (No. 44). OIES Paper: EL.
Kumar, S., & Rathore, K. (2023). Renewable energy for sustainable development goal of clean and affordable energy. International Journal of Materials Manufacturing and Sustainable Technologies, 2(1), 1-15.
Lan, M., Hu, Z., & Nie, T. (2025). Unwilling or unable? The impact of role clarity and job competence on frontline employees’ taking charge behaviors in hospitality industry. Behavioral Sciences, 15(4), 526.
Lascu, E. (2024). Active turnaround and restructuring dichotomy under a disruptive eve. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence (Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 563-572).
Lee, D., Lee, J., & Kim, S. Y. (2024). Paving the way for interpersonal collaboration in telework: The moderating role of organizational goal clarity in the public workplace. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 44(4), 768-789.
Lee, D., Lee, J., & Kim, S. Y. (2024). Paving the way for interpersonal collaboration in telework: The moderating role of organizational goal clarity in the public workplace. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 44(4), 768-789.
Li, W., Wei, K., Xu, T., & Wang, J. (2025). How goal clarity affects college students' perceived effectiveness of online self-directed learning: Evidence from China. Education and Information Technologies, 1-27.
Lin, T., Raventhiranathan, N., Ahmad, M., Feit, A. L., Hotze, A. E., Ker, G. L., ... & Bergese, S. D. (2025). Bringing clarity to complex pediatric perioperative care: Development of a novel pathway to support goal-directed, patient-centered care. Cancers, 17(9), 1452.
Ludviga, I., & Kalvina, A. (2024). Organizational agility during crisis: Do employees’ perceptions of public sector organizations’ strategic agility foster employees’ work engagement and well-being?. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 36(2), 209-229.
MacKenzie, R., McLachlan, C. J., Ahlstrand, R., Rydell, A., & Hobbins, J. (2024). Strategic, episodic and truncated orientations to planning in post-redundancy career transitions. human relations, 00187267241233494.
Mahdi, U. A., & Al-Taie, A. H. (2024). Strategic clarity and its impact on improving the mental image of the organization: Analytical research at the University of Fallujah. Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 30(144), 1-13.
Makau, C. (2024). The Effect of corporate restructuring on employee performance: a case of the NCBA merger (Doctoral dissertation, Strathmore University).
Mao, L., Sun, G., He, Y., Zheng, S., & Guo, C. (2024). Regional cultural inclusiveness and firm performance in China. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 1-14.
Marney, R., & Stubbs, T. (2024). Reprise-The five phases of restructuring. Emerging Markets Debt Restructuring: Effectively Navigating Local Institutional Frameworks, 3-11.
Marney, R., & Stubbs, T. (2024). Restructuring strategy: Nash meets Lorenz and Freud. In emerging markets debt restructuring: Effectively navigating local institutional frameworks (pp. 443-471). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Masinde, M. M., & Gitau, R. (2024). Corporate restructuring and performance of cement manufacturing firms in Machakos County, Kenya. International Journal of Social Sciences Management and Entrepreneurship (IJSSME), 8(4), 19-39.
Mavlutova, I., Babenko, V., Dykan, V., Prokopenko, N., Kalinichenko, S., & Tokmakova, I. (2021). Business restructuring as a method of strengtening company’s financial position. Journal of Optimization in Industrial Engineering, 14(1), 129-139.
May, T., & Perry, B. (2022). Social research: Issues, methods and process. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Mbugua, A. N., Ngugi, P. K., Thogori, M., & Mwangi, P. (2024a). Operations management and performance of energy sector state corporations in Nairobi City County, Kenya in Kenya. International Journal of Social Sciences Management and Entrepreneurship (IJSSME), 8(3), 39-55.
McGrath, P. J. (2024). Human resource management practices in corporate restructuring: A review and agenda for future research. Personnel Review.
Mhango, C. (2024). An investigation into the drivers and barriers affecting the implementation of renewable energy technologies in Zambia (Masters dissertation, University of Zambia.
Minetti, R., Murro, P., Peruzzi, V., & Schaffer, M. (2024). Navigating crises. organizational innovation and goal clarity in bad times. Organizational Innovation and Goal clarity in Bad Times (May 10, 2024).
Mızrak, F. (2024). Effective change management strategies: Exploring dynamic models for organizational transformation. In Perspectives on artificial intelligence in times of turbulence: Theoretical background to applications (pp. 135-162). IGI Global.
Monira, A., Ola, S., & Khan, M. (2024). Organizational culture adaptability by leaders and its influence on firm performance. In 14th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, https:// doi.org/10.46254/AN14.20240610.
Moyo, B., & Oree, V. (2024, June). Renewable energy policies in Sub-Saharan Africa: An analysis of strategies, challenges, and pathways to sustainable development. In 2024 1st International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Artificial Intelligence (SESAI) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Muchunku, C. (2024). Applying transition management to electricity access planning in Kenya. Energy for Sustainable Development, 80, 101463.
Mugasia, F. (2022). The role of training and development on employee performance at Kenya Power and Lighting Company (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
Munyi, C. W. (2024). Supply chain management practices and performance of firms in the electricity energy sub-sector in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, JKUAT-COHRED).
Nie, T., Chen, X., Chen, H., Peng, Q., Yue, L., & Zhang, P. (2025). Current status and influencing factors of role clarity among junior nurses in tertiary hospitals: A cross-sectional study. Research Square. doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6294537/v1
Nyanchama, J. F., & Wanyoike, D. M. (2024). Effect of goal clarity on the performance of selected public universities in Kenya. The International Journal of Business Management and Technology, 8(1), 222-237.
Nyoka, N. (2022). Technological capability building and major policy change in the South African renewable energy industry (Doctoral dissertation).
O’Reilly III, C. A., & Tushman, M. L. (2021). Lead and disrupt: How to solve the innovator's dilemma. Stanford University Press.
Ochido, F. O., & Njoroge, J. (2023). Influence of corporate governance practices on financial performance of Kenya Power and Lighting Company. Reviewed Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 4(1), 315-331.
Ochieng, E. O. (2023). The effect of turnaround strategy on the performance of Kenya Power Lighting Company PLC (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
Odero, H., Wekesa, C., & Irungu, G. (2022). Wind energy resource prediction and optimal storage sizing to guarantee dispatchability: A case study in the Kenyan power grid. Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2022(1), 4044757.
Ogeya, M., & Lambe, F. (2024). The political economy of mini-grid electricity development and innovation in Kenya. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition, 6, 100092.
Olaoye, F. O., Fakiyesi, O. A., & Jabar, A. A. (2024). Impacts of corporate structural changes on performance of banks and non-bank financial institutions in Nigeria, 2005-2019. ABUAD Journal of Social and Management Sciences, 5(1), 1-27.
Onsongo, E., Nayema, K., Kinuthia, B. K., Kausya, M., & Okoko, A. (2023). Kenya National eCooking Baseline Study Report.
Panesar, S., & Rameshwar, R. (2023). Strategic-cum-sustainability policy framework: A review of ‘electricity generating companies (GENCOs)’. Reimagining Management in the post VUCA World, 49.
Pasman, E., Lee, G., Kollin, R., Broman, M. J., Aguis, E., & Resko, S. M. (2024). Emotional exhaustion and workplace belongingness among peer recovery coaches during COVID-19. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 24(2), 227-239.
Penrose, E. T. (2009). The theory of the growth of the firm. Oxford university press.
Penrose, L. S. (1959). Self-reproducing machines. Scientific American, 200(6), 105-117.
Pérez-Arriaga, I. J., Nagpal, D., Jacquot, G., & Stoner, R. (2021). Harnessing the power of integration to achieve universal electricity access: the case for the Integrated Distribution Framework. In Handbook on Electricity Markets (pp. 540-567). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Permana, I. T., Rahayu, A., Wibowo, L. A., Dirgantari, P. D., Yulianto, E., & Nurgraha, R. (2023, September). Company strategy formulation approach through organizational structure transformation to optimize business performance. In 7th Global Conference on Business, Management, and Entrepreneurship (GCBME 2022) (pp. 1603-1616). Atlantis Press.
Peteraf, M. A., & Barney, J. B. (2003). Unraveling the resource‐based tangle. Managerial and decision economics, 24(4), 309-323.
Peteraf, M. A., & Barney, J. B. (2003). Unraveling the resource‐based tangle. Managerial and decision economics, 24(4), 309-323.
Pham, H., Ha, V., Le, H. H., Ramiah, V., & Frino, A. (2024). The effects of polluting behaviour, dirty energy and electricity consumption on firm performance: Evidence from the recent crises. Energy Economics, 129, 107247.
Prilian, K., & Situmorang, O. (2024). The influence of trust in management, goal clarity, and work-family conflict on intention to stay with the mediation of work engagement among employees of PT. Sanyon Bangun Lestari. Eduvest-Journal of Universal Studies, 4(3), 1000-1020.
Qadir, F., & Fatima, T. (2023). Influence of strategic leadership on sustained competitive advantage through the moderating role of facilitation learning climate in the telecom sector of Pakistan. Journal of Development and Social Sciences, 4(2), 167-178.
Rahman, S. R., Rahman, M. M., & Yeo, Z. S. (2024). Reliability and validation of the malay version of the gender equitable men scale questionnaire. Journal of Health and Translational Medicine (JUMMEC), 27(1), 88-95.
Rahmani, S. A., & Setiawati, E. (2024). Pengaruh financial distress, firm life cycle, dan corporate restructuring Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan: Studi Empiris Perusahaan Infrastuktur yang Terdaftar di BEI Tahun 2020-2022. Al-Kharaj: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan & Bisnis Syariah, 6(7), 5757-5770.
Ramirez-Soto, A. N., Ríos, J. E. S., Rodriguez, V. H. P., Vite, I. P. Y., & Castaneda, P. E. R. (2024). Models of Strategic management in SMEs in the period of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Metropolitan Lima. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18(1), e04936-e04936.
Rotich, I. K., Chepkirui, H., & Musyimi, P. K. (2024). Renewable energy status and uptake in Kenya. Energy Strategy Reviews, 54, 101453.
Rotich, I. K., Chepkirui, H., Musyimi, P. K., & Kipruto, G. (2024). Geothermal energy in Kenya: Evaluating health impacts and environmental challenges. Energy for Sustainable Development, 82, 101522.
Safira, D. D., Wandebori, H., & Hamsal, M. (2024). Corporate parenting and center development on Indonesia automotive manufacturer to improve its business performance. Global Business & Finance Review, 29(7), 30-45.
Saunders, M. N., & Darabi, F. (2024). Using multi-and mixed methods research designs. In Field Guide to Researching Employment and Industrial Relations (pp. 71-87). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Shahzad, S., & Jasińska, E. (2024). Renewable revolution: A review of strategic flexibility in future power systems. Sustainability, 16(13), 5454.
Sharouda, E. E. D., Gaber, S., & Gouda, O. (2024, September). Strategic Management of Egyptian-African Geothermal Power Plant Project 60-MW Associated with Sustainable Development in Kenya. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 2830, No. 1, p. 012010). IOP Publishing.
Smith, S. D., & Thomas, T. F. (2024). The effects of strategic alignment and strategic clarity on multidimensional task performance. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 112, 101524.
Spittler, N., Davidsdottir, B., Shafiei, E., & Diemer, A. (2021). Implications of renewable resource dynamics for energy system planning: The case of geothermal and hydropower in Kenya. Energy Policy, 150, 111985.
Stoiber, K., Degischer, D., Hautz, J., & Matzler, K. (2024). Open strategy as turnaround: The impact of openness in restructuring under financial distress. Academy of Management Perspectives, (ja), amp-2023.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997a). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic management journal, 18(7), 509-533.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997b). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Knowledge and Strategy, 18(7), 509-533.
Ul Hassan, F. S., Karim, W., Shah, H. A., & Khan, N. U. (2023). Role stress and organizational commitment in the service industry: A moderated mediation model of job burnout and transformational leadership. Journal of Management Development, 42(3), 165-182.
Ul-Hassan, F. S., Ikramullah, M., Khan, H., & Shah, H. A. (2021). Linking role clarity and organizational commitment of social workers through job involvement and job satisfaction: a test of serial multiple mediation model. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 45(4), 337-351.
Utami, H., & Alamanos, E. (2022). Resource-based theory. Resource-based theory. A review. Water Act, 2016, 1-26.
Varadarajan, R. (2023). Resource advantage theory, resource based theory, and theory of multimarket competition: Does multimarket rivalry restrain firms from leveraging resource advantages?. Journal of Business Research, 160, 113713.
Walrond, N. A. (2025). Establishing organizational clarity within a changing ecosystem.
Wang, T. Y. (2022). Strategic ambiguity or strategic clarity: China’s rise and US policy towards the Taiwan issue. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 23477970251335139.
Wood, J. M., Wiesner, R., Morrison, R. R., Factor, A., & McKeown, T. (2024). Organisational behaviour: Core concepts and applications. John Wiley & Sons.
Zaheer, M. A., Raza, M. A., Manzoor, M., & Raja, U. A. (2024). Is role clarity and workplace autonomy the key dilemma for multinational telecommunication organizations in developing countries?. Управленец, 15(2), 48-65.
Zettna, N., Yam, C., Kunzelmann, A., Forner, V. W., Dey, S., Askovic, M., ... & Parker, S. K. (2025). Crystal clear: How leaders and coworkers together shape role clarity and well‐being for employees in social care. Human Resource Management, 64(1), 5-20.
Zheng, L., Pei, J., He, G., & Zhu, Y. (2025). Leader-employee perfectionism (in) congruence and role clarity: A role theory approach to employee workplace well-being. Personnel Review, 54(4), 996-1011.
Zhu, L., Zahar, M. B., & Shaharruddin, S. B. (2025). The impact of goal clarity and extensive training on fintech strategic change. Cuadernos de Economía, 48(136), 14-23.