EVALUATION OF DETERMINANTS OF TOURISM DESTINATION’S COMPETITIVENESS ON CUSTOMER LOYALTY A CASE OF KISUMU AND CRESCENT ISLAND GAME SANCTUARIES
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Nov 6, 2023
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Abstract
The purpose of the study sought to evaluate the influence of determinants of tourism destination competitiveness on customer loyalty. The study evaluated by the fact many tourism destinations competitiveness in Kenya are silent to domestic tourism due to lack of customer loyalty. The specific objective was to evaluate the effects of destination attractiveness, to establish the effect of auxilary factors, to determine the influence of destination management and to establish the moderating role of situational condition in sanctuaries. The study would of significance to the management of tourism destinations. The study adopted Michael porter theory of competitive advantage. The study used descriptive research design. The study used a sample size of 233 respondents from tourist destinations. The target population was 466 respondents from the two sanctuaries. Stratified sampling techniques were used to select 233 respondents from Assistant warden ii, sergeant education warden, customer care officers, supervisors, animal keepers, tour guides, rangers, cage attendants, research scientist, and corporal discipline officers. The tool for data collection was research questionnaire. Validity of research instruments were measured by supervisor’s opinion and relevant research experts. Reliability of research instruments were determined by use of Crobach alpha coefficients. The data collected was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics involving percentage, mean, and standard deviations. The results were presented by use of charts, figures, graphs and tables. The findings from the study were of significance to the management of tourism destinations, policy makers, academicians and researchers who would use relevant knowledge to do further research. The destination management affects attractiveness. Development in the destination should be responsive to visitor needs, Marketing of Tourist attractions should seek to increase resident awareness and reputation of domestic holidays, There’s need to engage domestic tourists through social networks such as you tube, twitter, facebook, whatsapp, etc to ensure efficient communication, Planning and development should focus on the uniqueness of the destination.
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References
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Arbulú, W., Lozano, J. & Rey-Maquiera, J. (2016). The challenges of municipal solid waste
management systems provided by public-private partnerships in mature tourist destinations: the case of Mallorca. Waste Management, 51(May), 252-258
Assaf, A. & Tsionas, E. (2015). Incorporating destination quality into the measurement of
tourism performance: A Bayesian approach. Tourism Management, 49(1), 58-71
Alberti, F. & Giusti, J. (2012). Cultural heritage, tourism and regional competitiveness: the motor
valley cluster. City, Culture and Society, 3, 261–273
Barbosa, M.G.L., Oliveira, C.T.F. & Rezende, C. (2014) Competitiveness of tourist destinations: The study of 65 key destinations for the development of regional tourism rap — Rio de Janeiro, 44(5), 1067-95.
Bernd F. R., (2016) tourism destinations competitiveness and destination
Attachment, the mediating role of tourist attitude, University of Innsbruck, Austria, Doi 10. 1016.
Blanke, J. & Chiesa, T. (2013) Travel and tourism competitiveness report, Geneva: World Economic Forum.
Broadbent, J., & Broadbent, J. (2013) Tourism Ethiopia: Meet ETV Interview with John Broadbent and Jean Broadbent, Gedamu, Interviewer
Borg, W. R., & Gall, M. D. (2003). Educational Research: An Introduction (Fifth ed.).
New York: Longman.
Buhalis, D., (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future tourism management, 21 (1), 97-116.
Chen, C., Sok, P., & Sok, K. (2008). Evaluating the competitiveness of the tourism industry in Cambodia: Self-assessment from professionals, Asia Pacific. Journal of Tourism Research, 13(1).
Chulwon Kim and Larry Dwyer (2003) Destination competitiveness determinants and indicators,
college of hotel and tourism management, KyungHee University, Soeul, Korea, Journal of Current issues in Tourism 6(5)
Crouch, G. I., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1999). Tourism competitiveness on social prosperity. Journal of Business Research, 44(3), 137-152.
Crouch, G. I., & Louviere, J. J. (2004). The determinants of convention site selection: A logistic choice model from experimental data. Journal of Travel Research, 43(1), 118-130.
Crouch, G. (2017). Modelling destination competitiveness: A survey and analysis of the impact of competitiveness attributes 5-6.
Crouch, G.I. (2011). Destination competitiveness: An analysis of determinant attributes, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 50(1), 27-45.
Croes, R. & Kubickova, M. (2013). From potential to ability to compete: towards a performance
-based tourism competitiveness index. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2, 146–154.
Crouch, G. & Ritchie, J. (1999). Tourism, competitiveness, and societal prosperity. Journal of
Business Research, 44, 137-152. Desrochers, P. & Sautet, F. (2004). Cluster-based economic strategy, facilitation policy and the market process. Review of Austrian Economics, 17(2-3), 233-245.
D‘Hauteserre, A. (2000). Lessons in managed destination competitiveness: the case of Foxwoods
Casino Resort. Tourism Management, 21(1), 23-32.
Dimoska, T. & Trimcevb, B. (2012). Competitiveness strategies for supporting economic
development of the touristic destination. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 44, 279-288.
Dominguez, M. (2001). competitividade e análise estratéxica do sector turístico: unha primeira
aproximación á potential creación dun cluster institucional para a mellora competitiva da zona Rías Baixas, Tese Doutoramento, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Espanha.
Dwyer,L. & Kim, C. (2013). Destination competitiveness: determinants and indicators. Current
Issues in Tourism, 6(5), 369-414.
Delacy, T., Lipman, G. & Whitelaw, P. (2013). Competiveness, jobs and green growth: A global model. Geneva: WEF Printer
Devasa, M., Laguna, M. & Palacios, A. (2014). The role of motivation in visitor satisfaction: Empirical evidence in rural tourism, Tourism Management, (31), 547-552.
Harteserre, A. (2000) Lessons in managerial destination competitiveness in the case of Foxwoods Casino resort. Tourism Management 21 (1), 23–32.
Dwyer, L. & Kim, C. (2003), Destination competitiveness: determinants and indicators. Current Issues in Tourism, 6(5), 369-414.
Dwyer, L. & Forsyth, P. (2014), Tourism price competitiveness: The travel & tourism competitiveness report.
Dwyer, L. & Forsyth, P. (2011), Methods of estimating destination price competitiveness: A case of horses for courses? Current Issues in Tourism, 4(8), 751-777,
Dwyer, L., Dragićević, V., Armenski, T., Mihalič, T. & Cvelbar, L.K. (2014), Achieving destination competitiveness: An importance–performance analysis of Serbia, Current Issues in Tourism, doi: 10.1080/13683500.2014.944487
Enright, M.J., & Newton, J. (2004) Tourism destination competitiveness: A quantitative approach Tourism Management, 25(6), 777–788.
Enright, M.J., & Newton, J. (2015) Determinants of tourism destination competitiveness in Asia Pacific: Comprehensiveness and universality. Journal of Travel Research, 43, 339–350.
Estevão, C., Nunes, S. & Ferreira, J. (2014). Fatores de competitividade no sector hoteleiro em portugal: aplicação do Diamante de Porterin
Ghialy, C. (2014). An econometric analysis of Australian domestic tourism demand. Retrieved from http://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1124&context=theses.
Gomezelj, D.O., & Mihalič, T. (2008) Destination competitiveness - Applying different models, the case of Slovenia. Tourism Management, 29 (1), 294–307.
GoK. (2008). Kenya economic survey: Central Bureau of Statistics. Government of Kenya printers
GoK. (2014). Trade, tourism and industry sector: Sector report for the medium term expenditure framework 2011/12 – 2013/14), Government of Kenya printers
GoK. (2013). National Tourism Strategy (2013 - 2018), Department of Tourism, Ministry of East Africa,CommerceandTourismRetrievedfromhttp://www.tourism.go.ke/ministry.nsf/pages/ download_ centre
Grängsjö, Y. F. (2003). Destination networking: Competition in peripheral surroundings. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 33(5), 427–448.
Hassan, S. (2000). Determinants of market competitiveness in an environmentally sustainable tourism industry. Journal of Travel Research, 38 (3), 239 – 45.
Henderson, J.C. (2015). The new dynamics of tourism in South East Asia: Economic development, political change and destination competitiveness, Tourism Recreation Research.
Hernandez M. J., and Helena A., Campon A. M., (2013) Loyalty measurement in
Tourism: A Theoretical Reflection, Department of business management and sociology, University of Extremadura Avda, Spain, 2(5) 2879
Junsheng L., and Yaofeng M., (2017) The perceptual differences among stakeholders in the
tourism supply of College of tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an City, China, 9(2) 9020214
Kamau, F., Waweru F.K., Lewa P. and Misiko, A.J. (2015). Influence of marketing communication channels on urban domestic tourism in Kenya, British journal of marketing studies, 3 (5) 3.
Kantarci, K. (2017). Perceptions of foreign investors on the tourism market in central Asia including Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan. Tourism Management, 28(3), 820–829.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, (2014). Migration and Tourism 2014-2014. Nairobi Government Printer
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, (2015). Migration and Tourism 2014-2015. Nairobi Government Printer
Kim, W.G., & Kim, H. (2003). The analysis of Seoul as an international convention destination. Journal of Convention and Exhibition Management, 5 (2), 69-87.
Kim, C. & Lee, T. (2015). Exploring Four Dimensional Sources of Destination Competitiveness, International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 5(1), 105-130
Krešic, D., & Prebežac, D. (2011). Index of destination attractiveness as a tool for destination attractiveness assessment. Turizam: Znanstveno-Stručni Časopis, 59(4), 497–517.
Lee, C.F. & King, B. (2006). Assessing destination competitiveness: An application to the hot springs tourism sector. Tourism and Hospitality Planning and Development, 3(3), 179 – 197.
Lee, P.L.C. & Huang, H. (2014). Attributes of destination attractiveness in Taiwanese bicycle tourism: The perspective of active experienced bicycle tourists, International Journal of Hospitality &Tourism Administration, 15(3), 275-297,doi:10.1080/15256480.2014.925726
Loureiro, S.M.C. & Ferreira, S.E. (2015). Tourism destination competitiveness in São Tomé and Príncipe, Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 26:2, 217-229, doi: 10.1080/13032917.2014.934700
Mahadzirah, M., Abdul, M.A., Nur, I.A.G., & Ahmad, R. A. (2012). Malaysia’s tourism industry performance and its destination image, In Mahadzirah, M., Azizul, Y., Safiek, M., Abdul M. A., & Ridzuan, Y. (Eds.), Business Management Series, 3 (61-70). Malaysia: UMT Publishers.
Maharaj, S. & Balkaran, R. (2014) a comparative analysis of the South African and Global Tourism Competitiveness models with the aim of enhancing a sustainable model for South Africa. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 6 (4), 273-278
Mihalic, T. (2013). Performance of environmental resources of a tourist destination: Concept and Application. Journal of Travel Research, 52 (5) 614 – 630,doi:10.1177/0047287513478505
Ndivo R.M, Waudo J.N, Waswa F. (2012). Examining Kenya’s tourist destinations’ appeal: The perspectives of domestic tourism market, Journal of Tourism and Hospitality, 1:103, doi:10.4172/2167-0269.100010
Milear Project (2014) basic guide for monitoring and evaluation by descriptive statistics
NEMA (2012) Kakamega County State of Environment Report 2012: Supporting Green Economy for Delivery of Vision 2030.
Nunnally, J.C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw- Hill.
Nyamweno, I.M, Okotto, L.G. , Tonui, W.K and Agong, S.G. (2016). The Hidden Treasures of Kenya’s Western Tourist Circuit as Opportunities for Ecotourism Development, International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 4 (2), 111-120
OECD. (2012). Tourism trends and policies. Paris. Retrieved from http://browse.oecdbook- shop.org/oecd/pdfs/browseit/8510011E.PDF
Omerzel, D.G. (2006). Competitiveness of Slovenia as a tourist destination, Managing Global Transitions International Research Journal, 4(2), 167–189.
Orodho, A.J. (2003). Essentials of educational and social sciences research methods. Nairobi: Masola publishers
Osborne, J. & Elaine W. (2002). Four assumptions of multiple regressions that researchers should always test, Practical assessment, research & evaluation, 8(2), Retrieved 18.s
Pansiri, J., & Courvisanos, J. (2014). Attitude to risk in technology-based strategic alliances for tourism, International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 11(3), 275–302.
Pansiri, J. (2014). Tourist motives and destination competitiveness: A gap analysis perspective, International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 15(3), 217-247, doi: 10.1080/15256480.2014.925718
Papp, Z. & Raffay, A (2011), Factors influencing the tourism competitiveness of former socialist countries, Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, 5(2), 21‐30
Pearce, D.G. (2001) an integrative framework for urban tourism research, Annals of Tourism Research, 28(4), 926–946
Pearce, D.G. & Schanzel, H.A. (2013). Destination management: The tourists’ perspective. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 2(3), 137- 145.
Phakdisoth, L. & Kim, D. (2017). The determinants of inbound tourism in Laos. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 24(2), 255-237.
Pietsch, T. & Ringbeck, J. (2013). How to succeed as a tourism destination in a volatile world. Geneva: WEF Printer.
Prideaux B. (2000). The role of transport system in destination development. Tourism Management, 1, 53–64.
Porter, M.E. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Free Press, New York.
Ritchie, J.R.B., & Crouch, G.I. (2000b). The competitive destination: a sustainability perspective. Tourism Management, 21(1), 1-7.
Ritchie, J.R.B. & Crouch, G.I. (2003). The competitive destination: A sustainable tourism perspective. Cambridge: CABI Publishing.
Serra, F., Afonso C., & Santos A., José António C. (2014). TMS Conference Series (2014) -Abordagens Contemporâneas em Hotelaria e Restauração, (pp. 5-20). Faro: Universidade do Algarve
Silva, F., Correia, A., Santos, C.M. & Ambrósio, V. (2014) Competitiveness of the Azores Destination in the Scandinavian Market, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 13:sup1, 84-98, doi: 10.1080/15022250.2014.960136
Singh, Y.K. (2006). Fundamental of research methodology and statistics, New Age International (P) Ltd
SolimarInt (2013) The evolution of Destination management, Posted in uncategorized.
Thompson, N. (2011). Regional tourism. Delhi: Discovery Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
Tőzsér, A. (2014). Competitive tourism destination: Developing a new model of tourism competitiveness. Tourism Management,
Wang, C., Hsu, M.K. & Swanson, S.R. (2012). Determinants of tourism destination competitiveness in China, Journal of China Tourism Research, 8(1), 97-116, doi: 10.1080/19388160.2012.648461
WTTC, (2013). Travel and tourism economic impact 2013 – South Africa. London. WTTC Printer.
Arbulú, W., Lozano, J. & Rey-Maquiera, J. (2016). The challenges of municipal solid waste
management systems provided by public-private partnerships in mature tourist destinations: the case of Mallorca. Waste Management, 51(May), 252-258
Assaf, A. & Tsionas, E. (2015). Incorporating destination quality into the measurement of
tourism performance: A Bayesian approach. Tourism Management, 49(1), 58-71
Alberti, F. & Giusti, J. (2012). Cultural heritage, tourism and regional competitiveness: the motor
valley cluster. City, Culture and Society, 3, 261–273
Barbosa, M.G.L., Oliveira, C.T.F. & Rezende, C. (2014) Competitiveness of tourist destinations: The study of 65 key destinations for the development of regional tourism rap — Rio de Janeiro, 44(5), 1067-95.
Bernd F. R., (2016) tourism destinations competitiveness and destination
Attachment, the mediating role of tourist attitude, University of Innsbruck, Austria, Doi 10. 1016.
Blanke, J. & Chiesa, T. (2013) Travel and tourism competitiveness report, Geneva: World Economic Forum.
Broadbent, J., & Broadbent, J. (2013) Tourism Ethiopia: Meet ETV Interview with John Broadbent and Jean Broadbent, Gedamu, Interviewer
Borg, W. R., & Gall, M. D. (2003). Educational Research: An Introduction (Fifth ed.).
New York: Longman.
Buhalis, D., (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future tourism management, 21 (1), 97-116.
Chen, C., Sok, P., & Sok, K. (2008). Evaluating the competitiveness of the tourism industry in Cambodia: Self-assessment from professionals, Asia Pacific. Journal of Tourism Research, 13(1).
Chulwon Kim and Larry Dwyer (2003) Destination competitiveness determinants and indicators,
college of hotel and tourism management, KyungHee University, Soeul, Korea, Journal of Current issues in Tourism 6(5)
Crouch, G. I., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1999). Tourism competitiveness on social prosperity. Journal of Business Research, 44(3), 137-152.
Crouch, G. I., & Louviere, J. J. (2004). The determinants of convention site selection: A logistic choice model from experimental data. Journal of Travel Research, 43(1), 118-130.
Crouch, G. (2017). Modelling destination competitiveness: A survey and analysis of the impact of competitiveness attributes 5-6.
Crouch, G.I. (2011). Destination competitiveness: An analysis of determinant attributes, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 50(1), 27-45.
Croes, R. & Kubickova, M. (2013). From potential to ability to compete: towards a performance
-based tourism competitiveness index. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2, 146–154.
Crouch, G. & Ritchie, J. (1999). Tourism, competitiveness, and societal prosperity. Journal of
Business Research, 44, 137-152. Desrochers, P. & Sautet, F. (2004). Cluster-based economic strategy, facilitation policy and the market process. Review of Austrian Economics, 17(2-3), 233-245.
D‘Hauteserre, A. (2000). Lessons in managed destination competitiveness: the case of Foxwoods
Casino Resort. Tourism Management, 21(1), 23-32.
Dimoska, T. & Trimcevb, B. (2012). Competitiveness strategies for supporting economic
development of the touristic destination. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 44, 279-288.
Dominguez, M. (2001). competitividade e análise estratéxica do sector turístico: unha primeira
aproximación á potential creación dun cluster institucional para a mellora competitiva da zona Rías Baixas, Tese Doutoramento, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Espanha.
Dwyer,L. & Kim, C. (2013). Destination competitiveness: determinants and indicators. Current
Issues in Tourism, 6(5), 369-414.
Delacy, T., Lipman, G. & Whitelaw, P. (2013). Competiveness, jobs and green growth: A global model. Geneva: WEF Printer
Devasa, M., Laguna, M. & Palacios, A. (2014). The role of motivation in visitor satisfaction: Empirical evidence in rural tourism, Tourism Management, (31), 547-552.
Harteserre, A. (2000) Lessons in managerial destination competitiveness in the case of Foxwoods Casino resort. Tourism Management 21 (1), 23–32.
Dwyer, L. & Kim, C. (2003), Destination competitiveness: determinants and indicators. Current Issues in Tourism, 6(5), 369-414.
Dwyer, L. & Forsyth, P. (2014), Tourism price competitiveness: The travel & tourism competitiveness report.
Dwyer, L. & Forsyth, P. (2011), Methods of estimating destination price competitiveness: A case of horses for courses? Current Issues in Tourism, 4(8), 751-777,
Dwyer, L., Dragićević, V., Armenski, T., Mihalič, T. & Cvelbar, L.K. (2014), Achieving destination competitiveness: An importance–performance analysis of Serbia, Current Issues in Tourism, doi: 10.1080/13683500.2014.944487
Enright, M.J., & Newton, J. (2004) Tourism destination competitiveness: A quantitative approach Tourism Management, 25(6), 777–788.
Enright, M.J., & Newton, J. (2015) Determinants of tourism destination competitiveness in Asia Pacific: Comprehensiveness and universality. Journal of Travel Research, 43, 339–350.
Estevão, C., Nunes, S. & Ferreira, J. (2014). Fatores de competitividade no sector hoteleiro em portugal: aplicação do Diamante de Porterin
Ghialy, C. (2014). An econometric analysis of Australian domestic tourism demand. Retrieved from http://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1124&context=theses.
Gomezelj, D.O., & Mihalič, T. (2008) Destination competitiveness - Applying different models, the case of Slovenia. Tourism Management, 29 (1), 294–307.
GoK. (2008). Kenya economic survey: Central Bureau of Statistics. Government of Kenya printers
GoK. (2014). Trade, tourism and industry sector: Sector report for the medium term expenditure framework 2011/12 – 2013/14), Government of Kenya printers
GoK. (2013). National Tourism Strategy (2013 - 2018), Department of Tourism, Ministry of East Africa,CommerceandTourismRetrievedfromhttp://www.tourism.go.ke/ministry.nsf/pages/ download_ centre
Grängsjö, Y. F. (2003). Destination networking: Competition in peripheral surroundings. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 33(5), 427–448.
Hassan, S. (2000). Determinants of market competitiveness in an environmentally sustainable tourism industry. Journal of Travel Research, 38 (3), 239 – 45.
Henderson, J.C. (2015). The new dynamics of tourism in South East Asia: Economic development, political change and destination competitiveness, Tourism Recreation Research.
Hernandez M. J., and Helena A., Campon A. M., (2013) Loyalty measurement in
Tourism: A Theoretical Reflection, Department of business management and sociology, University of Extremadura Avda, Spain, 2(5) 2879
Junsheng L., and Yaofeng M., (2017) The perceptual differences among stakeholders in the
tourism supply of College of tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an City, China, 9(2) 9020214
Kamau, F., Waweru F.K., Lewa P. and Misiko, A.J. (2015). Influence of marketing communication channels on urban domestic tourism in Kenya, British journal of marketing studies, 3 (5) 3.
Kantarci, K. (2017). Perceptions of foreign investors on the tourism market in central Asia including Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan. Tourism Management, 28(3), 820–829.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, (2014). Migration and Tourism 2014-2014. Nairobi Government Printer
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, (2015). Migration and Tourism 2014-2015. Nairobi Government Printer
Kim, W.G., & Kim, H. (2003). The analysis of Seoul as an international convention destination. Journal of Convention and Exhibition Management, 5 (2), 69-87.
Kim, C. & Lee, T. (2015). Exploring Four Dimensional Sources of Destination Competitiveness, International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 5(1), 105-130
Krešic, D., & Prebežac, D. (2011). Index of destination attractiveness as a tool for destination attractiveness assessment. Turizam: Znanstveno-Stručni Časopis, 59(4), 497–517.
Lee, C.F. & King, B. (2006). Assessing destination competitiveness: An application to the hot springs tourism sector. Tourism and Hospitality Planning and Development, 3(3), 179 – 197.
Lee, P.L.C. & Huang, H. (2014). Attributes of destination attractiveness in Taiwanese bicycle tourism: The perspective of active experienced bicycle tourists, International Journal of Hospitality &Tourism Administration, 15(3), 275-297,doi:10.1080/15256480.2014.925726
Loureiro, S.M.C. & Ferreira, S.E. (2015). Tourism destination competitiveness in São Tomé and Príncipe, Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 26:2, 217-229, doi: 10.1080/13032917.2014.934700
Mahadzirah, M., Abdul, M.A., Nur, I.A.G., & Ahmad, R. A. (2012). Malaysia’s tourism industry performance and its destination image, In Mahadzirah, M., Azizul, Y., Safiek, M., Abdul M. A., & Ridzuan, Y. (Eds.), Business Management Series, 3 (61-70). Malaysia: UMT Publishers.
Maharaj, S. & Balkaran, R. (2014) a comparative analysis of the South African and Global Tourism Competitiveness models with the aim of enhancing a sustainable model for South Africa. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 6 (4), 273-278
Mihalic, T. (2013). Performance of environmental resources of a tourist destination: Concept and Application. Journal of Travel Research, 52 (5) 614 – 630,doi:10.1177/0047287513478505
Ndivo R.M, Waudo J.N, Waswa F. (2012). Examining Kenya’s tourist destinations’ appeal: The perspectives of domestic tourism market, Journal of Tourism and Hospitality, 1:103, doi:10.4172/2167-0269.100010
Milear Project (2014) basic guide for monitoring and evaluation by descriptive statistics
NEMA (2012) Kakamega County State of Environment Report 2012: Supporting Green Economy for Delivery of Vision 2030.
Nunnally, J.C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw- Hill.
Nyamweno, I.M, Okotto, L.G. , Tonui, W.K and Agong, S.G. (2016). The Hidden Treasures of Kenya’s Western Tourist Circuit as Opportunities for Ecotourism Development, International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 4 (2), 111-120
OECD. (2012). Tourism trends and policies. Paris. Retrieved from http://browse.oecdbook- shop.org/oecd/pdfs/browseit/8510011E.PDF
Omerzel, D.G. (2006). Competitiveness of Slovenia as a tourist destination, Managing Global Transitions International Research Journal, 4(2), 167–189.
Orodho, A.J. (2003). Essentials of educational and social sciences research methods. Nairobi: Masola publishers
Osborne, J. & Elaine W. (2002). Four assumptions of multiple regressions that researchers should always test, Practical assessment, research & evaluation, 8(2), Retrieved 18.s
Pansiri, J., & Courvisanos, J. (2014). Attitude to risk in technology-based strategic alliances for tourism, International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 11(3), 275–302.
Pansiri, J. (2014). Tourist motives and destination competitiveness: A gap analysis perspective, International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 15(3), 217-247, doi: 10.1080/15256480.2014.925718
Papp, Z. & Raffay, A (2011), Factors influencing the tourism competitiveness of former socialist countries, Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, 5(2), 21‐30
Pearce, D.G. (2001) an integrative framework for urban tourism research, Annals of Tourism Research, 28(4), 926–946
Pearce, D.G. & Schanzel, H.A. (2013). Destination management: The tourists’ perspective. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 2(3), 137- 145.
Phakdisoth, L. & Kim, D. (2017). The determinants of inbound tourism in Laos. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 24(2), 255-237.
Pietsch, T. & Ringbeck, J. (2013). How to succeed as a tourism destination in a volatile world. Geneva: WEF Printer.
Prideaux B. (2000). The role of transport system in destination development. Tourism Management, 1, 53–64.
Porter, M.E. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Free Press, New York.
Ritchie, J.R.B., & Crouch, G.I. (2000b). The competitive destination: a sustainability perspective. Tourism Management, 21(1), 1-7.
Ritchie, J.R.B. & Crouch, G.I. (2003). The competitive destination: A sustainable tourism perspective. Cambridge: CABI Publishing.
Serra, F., Afonso C., & Santos A., José António C. (2014). TMS Conference Series (2014) -Abordagens Contemporâneas em Hotelaria e Restauração, (pp. 5-20). Faro: Universidade do Algarve
Silva, F., Correia, A., Santos, C.M. & Ambrósio, V. (2014) Competitiveness of the Azores Destination in the Scandinavian Market, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 13:sup1, 84-98, doi: 10.1080/15022250.2014.960136
Singh, Y.K. (2006). Fundamental of research methodology and statistics, New Age International (P) Ltd
SolimarInt (2013) The evolution of Destination management, Posted in uncategorized.
Thompson, N. (2011). Regional tourism. Delhi: Discovery Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
Tőzsér, A. (2014). Competitive tourism destination: Developing a new model of tourism competitiveness. Tourism Management,
Wang, C., Hsu, M.K. & Swanson, S.R. (2012). Determinants of tourism destination competitiveness in China, Journal of China Tourism Research, 8(1), 97-116, doi: 10.1080/19388160.2012.648461
WTTC, (2013). Travel and tourism economic impact 2013 – South Africa. London. WTTC Printer.